Figure 2.

Propidium iodide uptake after nanosecond pulse stimulation with and without the application of moderate heat. A 2-needle electrode with a 1 mm gap was used to pulse KLN205 cells with 200, 300 ns pulses at 50 Hz with voltages of 150, 300, 600, 750, and 900 V at either room temperature (RT; C, E, G, I, K) or 43°C (D, F, H, J, L). A sham control (0 V) without pulses at RT (A) and 43°C (B) was also recorded. Micrographs are representative of 3 to 5 replicates per treatment group. Scale bar = 1 mm. Quantification of cell death after nanosecond pulse stimulation is represented as the integrated fluorescence density of each individual sample using ImageJ software to draw a region of interest around the area of fluorescence signal. Results shown are the mean of 3 to 5 replicates per group (standard deviation). ***P < .001 (M). The area of the ellipse-shaped ablation zone (mm²) was calculated by multiplying the semi-major and semi-minor axes indicative of propidium iodide uptake by π wherein A = πab. The calculated area is shown as mm². Results shown are the mean of 3 to 5 replicates per group (± standard deviation). *P < .05, *P < .01, ***P < .001 (N).