Figure 2.

In vivo anti‐angiogenic activity of dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA). A, Relative cell proliferation of cells treated with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) or the indicated concentration of DPPA as determined using the CCK8 assay. Cell proliferation was not affected by DPPA at the concentrations of 2, 4, 8 or 16 μmol/L. B, Chick embryo CAM assay. Representative images showing the blood vessels in the CAM model treated with DMSO or DPPA (2, 4 or 8 μmol/L) for 24 h. Fewer blood vessel branches were observed in the CAMs that were DPPA‐treated compared with those in the DMSO‐treated group. C, Statistical analysis of CAMs showing that DPPA significantly inhibited the vascular density in the CAM model compared with that in the DMSO group. Each of the CAM images are representative of 6 independent experiments. ***P < .001. D, Chick embryo YSM assay. Representative images of the vascular network in the chick embryo YSM model treated with DMSO or DPPA (2, 4 or 8 μmol/L) at 12 or 24 h post‐treatment. Statistical analysis of the blood vessel density in the YSM treated with DMSO or DPPA. E, Statistical analysis showing that DPPA markedly inhibited the blood vessel plexus. Each YSM image is representative of 6 independent experiments