TABLE 4.
Determinants and interactions of colonization with the four major bacterial pathogens in COPD patients, Buffalo, NY, USA, April 1994 to June 2014
| Characteristic | No. (%) of samples (n = 8,843) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| H. influenzae | M. catarrhalis | S. pneumoniae | ||
| Bacteria present | ||||
| S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis | ||||
| Neither | 7,808 (88) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| S. pneumoniae only | 429 (4.9) | 2.79 (2.09–3.73) | ||
| M. catarrhalis only | 535 (6.0) | 1.01 (0.78–1.32) | ||
| Both | 71 (0.8) | 2.82 (1.91–4.17) | ||
| H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae | ||||
| Neither | 7,229 (82) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| H. influenzae only | 1,114 (13) | 1.11 (0.86–1.44) | ||
| S. pneumoniae only | 337 (3.8) | 0.86 (0.61–1.20) | ||
| Both | 163 (1.8) | 0.95 (0.63–1.44) | ||
| H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis | ||||
| Neither | 7,108 (80) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| H. influenzae only | 1,129 (13) | 2.81 (2.10–3.77) | ||
| M. catarrhalis only | 458 (5.2) | 0.82 (0.57–1.18) | ||
| Both | 148 (1.7) | 2.30 (1.44–3.67) | ||
| P. aeruginosa | ||||
| Absent | 8,124 (92) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Present | 719 (8) | 0.15 (0.10–0.22) | 0.51 (0.35–0.75) | 1.34 (0.89–2.02) |
| Age (yr) (10-yr increase) | 0.79 (0.43–1.46) | 1.19 (0.77–1.83) | 1.49 (0.75–2.96) | |
| Antibiotic therapy between visits | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |
| Yes | 0.81 (0.67–0.98) | 0.62 (0.48–0.79) | 0.62 (0.45–0.84) | |
| Race | ||||
| White | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |
| Nonwhite | 1.14 (0.37–3.55) | 1.01 (0.45–2.27) | 0.24 (0.05–1.14) | |
| Charlson comorbidity index (1-point increase) | 1.02 (0.73–1.44) | 1.06 (0.83–1.35) | 0.75 (0.49–1.13) | |
| Duration in study (1-yr increase) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Former smoker | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |
| Current smoker | 0.82 (0.35–1.93) | 0.81 (0.45–2.27) | 1.54 (0.62–3.84) | |
| Pack-yrs of smoking (10-pack increase) | 1.10 (0.99–1.23) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | |
| FEV1 % predicted (10% increase) | 1.02 (0.82–1.25) | 0.96 (0.82–1.11) | 0.94 (0.74–1.20) | |
a
Significant ORs and 95% CIs are shown in boldface. Each model included variables representing presence of absence of other bacteria, as well as all other variables used.