TABLE 5.
Outcomes of colonization with H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and S. pneumoniae in COPD patients during stable and acute exacerbation visits
| Characteristic | No. (%) of samples |
Adjusted OR (95% CI)a |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
H. influenzae |
M. catarrhalis |
S. pneumoniae |
||||||
| Stable (n = 7,464) | Exacb (n = 1,379) | Stable | Exac | Stable | Exac | Stable | Exac | |
| Bacteria present | ||||||||
| S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis | ||||||||
| Neither | 6,693 (90) | 1,115 (81) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| S. pneumoniae only | 350 (4.7) | 79 (5.7) | 3.75 (2.69–5.24) | 1.21 (0.64–2.28) | ||||
| M. catarrhalis only | 360 (4.8) | 175 (13) | 1.06 (0.76–1.46) | 0.90 (0.57–1.43) | ||||
| Both | 61 (0.8) | 10 (0.7) | 3.96 (2.50–6.28) | 1.09 (0.49–2.42) | ||||
| H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae | ||||||||
| Neither | 6,165 (83) | 1,064 (77) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| H. influenzae only | 888 (12) | 226 (16) | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) | 1.11 (0.73–1.69) | ||||
| S. pneumoniae only | 270 (3.6) | 67 (4.9) | 0.83 (0.56–1.24) | 0.67 (0.33–1.38) | ||||
| Both | 141 (1.9) | 22 (1.6) | 0.96 (0.60–1.53) | 0.74 (0.33–1.69) | ||||
| H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis | ||||||||
| Neither | 6,126 (82) | 982 (71) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
| H. influenzae only | 917 (12) | 212 (15) | 3.86 (2.76–5.39) | 1.18 (0.64–2.19) | ||||
| M. catarrhalis only | 309 (4.1) | 149 (11) | 0.80 (0.53–1.22) | 0.60 (0.28–1.28) | ||||
| Both | 112 (1.5) | 36 (2.6) | 3.09 (1.81–5.28) | 0.71 (0.26–1.89) | ||||
| P. aeruginosa | ||||||||
| Absent | 6,886 (92) | 1,238 (90) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Present | 578 (7.7) | 141 (10) | 0.13 (0.08–0.22) | 0.26 (0.12–0.56) | 0.37 (0.22–0.62) | 0.92 (0.53–1.61) | 1.67 (1.04–2.68) | 0.78 (0.34–1.81) |
| Age (yr) (10-yr increase) | 0.74 (0.38–1.41) | 0.83 (0.47–1.44) | 1.38 (0.78–2.42) | 0.97 (0.67–1.39) | 1.62 (0.79–3.32) | 0.87 (0.43–1.79) | ||
| Antibiotic therapy between visits | ||||||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 0.77 (0.62–0.97) | 0.73 (0.50–1.05) | 0.69 (0.50–0.93) | 0.44 (0.29–0.66) | 0.59 (0.41–0.85) | 0.70 (0.40–1.22) | ||
| Race | ||||||||
| White | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Nonwhite | 1.39 (0.41–4.68) | 0.77 (0.28–2.10) | 0.89 (0.30–2.64) | 1.04 (0.55–1.94) | 0.17 (0.03–1.00) | 0.14 (0.02–1.28) | ||
| Charlson comorbidity index (1-point increase) | 1.01 (0.70–1.45) | 1.08 (0.79–1.49) | 1.01 (0.73–1.39) | 1.08 (0.86–1.35) | 0.71 (0.45–1.11) | 1.08 (0.69–1.68) | ||
| Duration in study (1-yr increase) | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.02 (0.92–1.11) | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Former smoker | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Current smoker | 0.78 (0.31–1.94) | 0.92 (0.43–1.94) | 1.15 (0.53–2.49) | 0.40 (0.24–0.67) | 1.75 (0.68–4.55) | 0.79 (0.31–2.04) | ||
| Pack-yrs of smoking (10-pack increase) | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.98 (0.88–1.11) | ||
| FEV1 % predicted (10% increase) | 1.03 (0.83–1.29) | 1.04 (0.86–1.25) | 0.96 (0.78–1.17) | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | 0.94 (0.73–1.20) | 0.98 (0.75–1.28) | ||
a
Significant ORs and 95% CIs are shown in boldface. Each model included variables representing presence or absence of other bacteria, as well as all other variables used.
b
Exac, exacerbation.