Table 1.

E3 ligases play important role in NF‐κB activation and cardiac hypertrophy

E3 ligases	Substrates	Function	Role in heart	References
TRAF2	NF‐κB‐inducing kinase (NIK)/MEKK1	Positively regulates the NF‐κB pathway	Promotes cardiac hypertrophy	20
TRAF6	NIK/MEKK1, IRF7	Positively regulates the NF‐κB pathway	Promotes cardiac hypertrophy	17, 18, 19
TRIM 8	Transforming growth factor beta‐activated kinase 1(TAK1)	Modulates TNFα‐and IL‐1β‐triggered NF‐κB activation	Promotes cardiac hypertrophy	21, 22
Pellino1	RIP1	Positively regulates the NF‐κB pathway	Promotes cardiac hypertrophy	23
Nrdp1	ErbB3	Suppresses downstream targets AKT, ERK1/2 and promotes activation of p38 and JNK1/2	Promotes cardiac hypertrophy	24