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. 2018 Sep 19;5:120. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00120

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Copyright © 2018 Greenberg, Daily, Wang, Conway and Wakatsuki.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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EHT strips formed in a 96-well format for phenotyping assays. (A,B) Example of a passive force system in which an EHT strip is formed between two parallel posts. The force generated during contraction can be monitored by the deflection of the posts. (C,D) Example of an active force system in which an EHT strip is formed between two parallel posts and then the tissue can be stretched using a probe that pushes on the side of the tissue. In this setup, the force is measured by a strain gauge in the probe. (E) Measurement of cardiac forces at two different muscle lengths (1 and 2). The peak and bottom of the cardiac twitch force profiles correspond to the contractile and resting forces, respectively. Note that stretching the EHT causes an increase in the contractile force, as would be expected from the Frank-Starling relationship.