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. 2018 Sep 25;8:14319. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32749-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Variations in the grain yield (a,b), water use efficiency (c,d) and rainfall use efficiency (e,f) with changes in the N fertilizer level with and without mulching in 2015 and 2016. The bars are the mean + one standard error of the mean (n = 4).