Fig. 1.

ETEC gene regulation in vivo. (A) The number of up-regulated or down-regulated genes in infected stool compared with midlog phase in vitro CFA broth growth in the indicated atmospheres. Microaerobic atmosphere was 85% nitrogen, 10% CO₂, 5% O₂. Anaerobic atmosphere was 95% nitrogen, 5% hydrogen, 0% oxygen. (B) KEGG orthology pathways statistically significantly (P < 0.05) represented in genes differentially regulated in vivo (fold change > |5|, FDR P < 0.05) using a hypergeometric test. Classical virulence factors were manually curated into our KEGG pathway list to be included in the analysis. In vivo samples represent five infected diarrhea samples from different human volunteers and in vitro conditions each represent three independent biological replicates.