Fig. 3.

(A) Cytoskeleton in a healthy RBC model. (B) In the band-3–deficient HS RBC model, the band-3 sites are randomly removed (highlighted by red dotted circles) to represent the effect of band-3 deficiency. (C) In the spectrin-deficient HS RBC model, the density of spectrin network is reduced to represent the effect of spectrin deficiency. (D–I) Six sequential snapshots (top views) of an HS RBC with a vertical connectivity of 60% passage through IES under a pressure gradient of 10 Pa$\mathrm{\mu }$m⁻¹(see Movie S2). Reduced vertical connectivity leads to the detachment of the lipid bilayer from the cytoskeleton and subsequent RBC vesiculation. The lipid CG particles (red particles) are plotted at a smaller size to visualize the cytoskeleton below (green particles).