Table 3.
Relative risk ratios (and standard errors) of providing different typologies of childcare among grandmothers and grandfathers
| Grandmothers | Grandfathers | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| When parents work | Occasional | During the holidays | When parents work | Occasional | During the holidays | |
| Age of grandchild: 0 years | 0.19 (0.121)** | 0.39 (0.232) | 0.24 (0.162)* | 0.18 (0.132)* | 0.29 (0.210) | 0.22 (0.177) |
| Age of grandchild: 1–2 years | 1.27 (0.397) | 1.23 (0.378) | 1.10 (0.372) | 1.31 (0.510) | 1.33 (0.508) | 1.12 (0.467) |
| Age of grandchild: 3–5 years | 1.68 (0.464) | 1.53 (0.415) | 1.27 (0.383) | 1.34 (0.461) | 1.19 (0.402) | 1.07 (0.394) |
| Age of grandchild: 6–10 years | 1.53 (0.359) | 1.39 (0.318) | 1.48 (0.378) | 1.12 (0.338) | 1.03 (0.301) | 1.11 (0.355) |
| Age of grandchild: 11–13 years | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Centre of Italy | 1.19 (0.408) | 1.01 (0.343) | 0.94 (0.341) | 0.98 (0.451) | 0.71 (0.324) | 0.68 (0.326) |
| South of Italy | 0.39 (0.109)** | 0.80 (0.221) | 0.85 (0.246) | 0.31 (0.122)** | 0.62 (0.240) | 0.74 (0.294) |
| North of Italy | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| High educational level | 2.53 (0.859)** | 1.73 (0.583) | 2.26 (0.795)* | 1.67 (0.676) | 1.58 (0.638) | 1.96 (0.812) |
| Adequate economic resources | 3.32 (0.863)*** | 2.80 (0.722)*** | 3.67 (1.000)*** | 2.34 (0.881)* | 2.21 (0.829)* | 2.38 (0.923)* |
| Employed | 0.69 (0.331) | 1.17 (0.560) | 1.01 (0.505) | 0.29 (0.149)* | 0.44 (0.224) | 0.73 (0.383) |
| Married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Widowed | 0.51 (0.161)* | 0.62 (0.194) | 0.46 (0.151)* | 0.02 (0.015)*** | 0.04 (0.030)*** | 0.04 (0.030)*** |
| Separated/divorced or never married | 0.42 (0.218) | 0.56 (0.288) | 0.30 (0.167)* | 0.00 (0.003)*** | 0.00 (0.004)*** | 0.00 (0.004)*** |
| Absence of long-term limiting illness | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Not severe long-term limiting illnesses | 1.29 (0.376) | 1.22 (0.353) | 1.34 (0.406) | 0.50 (0.213) | 0.64 (0.271) | 0.64 (0.280) |
| Severe long-term limiting illnesses | 0.20 (0.089)*** | 0.21 (0.093)*** | 0.23 (0.107)** | 0.12 (0.083)** | 0.17 (0.115)** | 0.09 (0.064)** |
| Age of grandparent: 50–59 years | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Age of grandparent: 60–64 years | 2.38 (0.875)* | 1.82 (0.665) | 1.29 (0.496) | 3.69 (2.932) | 2.98 (2.357) | 3.42 (2.765) |
| Age of grandparent: 65–69 years | 1.11 (0.424) | 1.08 (0.411) | 0.90 (0.358) | 5.33 (4.426)* | 3.72 (3.079) | 6.17 (5.212)* |
| Age of grandparent: 70–74 years | 0.55 (0.228) | 0.64 (0.260) | 0.53 (0.226) | 3.05 (2.619) | 2.49 (2.135) | 4.73 (4.141) |
| Age of grandparent: 75–79 years | 0.07 (0.044)*** | 0.11 (0.070)*** | 0.10 (0.066)*** | 0.81 (0.745) | 0.99 (0.907) | 1.58 (1.481) |
| Age of grandparent: 80 years or more | 0.03 (0.019)*** | 0.05 (0.030)*** | 0.03 (0.022)*** | 0.11 (0.128) | 0.10 (0.113)* | 0.19 (0.215) |
| Residential distance of grandchild: < 1 km | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Residential distance of grandchild: 1–16 km | 0.29 (0.072)*** | 0.50 (0.120)** | 0.58 (0.154)* | 0.34 (0.106)** | 0.54 (0.165)* | 0.79 (0.263) |
| Residential distance of grandchild: ≥ 16 km | 0.02 (0.006)*** | 0.07 (0.022)*** | 0.33 (0.108)** | 0.02 (0.009)*** | 0.08 (0.031)*** | 0.44 (0.178)* |
| Gender of grandchild (female) | 0.99 (0.168) | 0.99 (0.166) | 0.92 (0.170) | 1.21 (0.253) | 1.32 (0.272) | 1.30 (0.290) |
| Number of grandchildren | 0.83 (0.048)** | 0.89 (0.051)* | 0.89 (0.054) | 0.88 (0.088) | 0.95 (0.094) | 0.97 (0.098) |
| At least one co-resident grandchild | 1.11 (0.818) | 1.21 (0.875) | 1.02 (0.783) | 2.59 (2.694) | 5.26 (5.362) | 2.23 (2.447) |
| Intercept | 467.96 (355.951)*** | 319.35 (241.327)*** | 45.81 (36.031)*** | 324.46 (369.553)*** | 207.28 (234.828)*** | 12.22 (14.243)* |
Ref. reference category
*** p < 0.01; ** p < 0.05; * p < 0.001