. 2018 Sep 12;194(1):27–38. doi: 10.1111/cei.13180

Table 2.

Significant associations between disease phenotypes/serologies/damage/pharmacotherapy and each independent anti‐cardiolipin antibodies (aCL)/anti‐β₂‐glycoprotein‐I (anti‐β₂GPI) isotype and lupus anti‐coagulant (LA) (pos/neg) expressed by odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals

		aCL			anti‐β₂GPI		LA	Triple‐positiveb
	IgG (51/526)	IgA (45/526)	IgM (28/526)	IgG (38/526)	IgA (74/526)	IgM (63/526)	(128/499)	(49/499)
Caucasian ethnicity (n = 476)				8%a, c
Ever smoker (n = 263)				2·39 (1·18–4·83)			1·73 (1·15–2·60)
Malar rash (n = 260)	0·48 (0·26–0·88)		0·26 (0·10–0·66)			0·49 (0·29–0·85)	0·50 (0·33–0·76)	0·46 (0·25–0·86)
Discoid rash (n = 98)						0·42 (0·17–0·99)
Photosensitivity (n = 327)	0·35 (0·20–0·64)	0·53 (0·29–0·96)		0·49 (0·26–0·95)	0·46 (0·28–0·76)	0·42 (0·25–0·72)	0·62 (0·41–0·93)	0·50 (0·28–0·91)
Thrombocytopenia (n = 90)	1·99 (1·02–3·85)
Raynaud (n = 181)						0·45 (0·24–0·84)
Anti‐dsDNA antibody (n = 310)		2·23 (1·13–4·40)			1·78 (1·04–3·03)
Anti‐SSA/Ro52 (n = 155)				0·25 (0·09–0·73)		0·26 (0·12–0·59)	0·60 (0·37–0·96)
Anti‐SSA/Ro60 (n = 213)	0·48 (0·25–0·93)					0·33 (0·17–0·62)	0·61 (0·40–0·93)	0·51 (0·26–0·99)
Anti‐SSB (n = 131)	0·30 (0·12–0·77)			0·15 (0·04–0·63)		0·33 (0·15–0·75)	0·53 (0·32–0·89)	0·39 (0·16–0·95)
APS, clinical (n = 98)	4·82 (2·64–8·80)	6·03 (3·25–11·20)	3·59 (1·64–7·87)	6·21 (3·16–12·20)	4·46 (2·63–7·56)	4·02 (2·30–7·01)	12·55 (7·51–20·98)	7·75 (4·17–14·41)
APS, classification (n = 76)	5·35 (2·86–9·98)	6·64 (3·52–12·53)	4·31 (1·93–9·61)a	7·17 (3·61–14·23)	4·72 (2·70–8·26)	3·96 (2·20–7·13)	10·51 (6·02–18·35)	9·65 (5·13–18·18)
Any arterial event (n = 77)				2·16 (1·01–4·64)			3·01 (1·78–5·09)	2·33 (1·17–4·63)
Valvular disease (n = 44)	4·22 (2·01–8·85)a						2·48 (1·29–4·76)	2·37 (1·03–5·43)a
Arterial embolism (myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke) (n = 73)	2·09 (1·04–4·21)						2·61 (1·52–4·48)	2·21 (1·09–4·47)
Cerebrovascular lesion (n = 61)	2·34 (1·13–4·84)						3·27 (1·85–5·81)	2·14 (1·01–4·55)
Ischaemic stroke (n = 47)	3·35 (1·59–7·09)a			2·44 (1·01–5·89)a	2·31 (1·14–4·68)		4·53 (2·36–8·66)	3·05 (1·41–6·60)a
Transient ischaemic attack (n = 19)								3·76 (1·29–10·92)a
Venous thrombo‐embolism (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) (n = 72)		2·32 (1·14–4·71)		2·36 (1·10–5·09)		1·95 (1·01–3·75)	2·88 (1·70–4·89)	2·56 (1·28–5·10)
Deep vein thrombosis (n = 64)		2·73 (1·34–5·58)		2·27 (1·28–5·99)a		2·31 (1·19–4·47)	3·00 (1·74–5·18)	3·02 (1·50–6·06)
Pulmonary embolism (n = 23)						13%a, d
Intermittent claudication (n = 7)	7·36 (1·60–33·86)a				8·55 (1·87–39·03)a		7·50 (1·44–39·15)a	7·71 (1·67–35·52)a
Neuropsychiatric damage (n = 129)	2·38 (1·31–4·32)						2·03 (1·30–3·17)	1·91 (1·03–3·55)
Cardiovascular damage (n = 73)	3·00 (1·55–5·81)						2·19 (1·26–3·81)	2·21 (1·09–4·47)
Peripheral vascular damage (n = 49)		2·96 (1·37–6·40)a	2·89 (1·11–7·50)a	2·81 (1·21–6·51)a	2·17 (1·07–4·39)	2·65 (1·30–5·40)	2·87 (1·56–5·30)	3·34 (1·58–7·07)a
Any miscarriage (n = 78)	2·51 (1·26–4·97)			2·22 (1·01–4·85)			1·71 (1·01–2·91)	2·29 (1·14–4·61)
≥1 miscarriage (beyond the 10th week of gestation) (n = 46)	3·04 (1·39–6·64)a			3·17 (1·34–7·50)a			2·18 (1·15–4·12)	2·66 (1·19–5·96)a
Warfarin (ongoing) (n = 103)	2·76 (1·49–5·11)	3·07 (1·65–5·74)	4·60 (2·12–9·98)	3·20 (1·62–6·31)	2·84 (1·67–4·85)	2·91 (1·66–5·10)	6·83 (4·22–11·06)	4·39 (2·38–8·08)
Salicylic acid (ongoing) (n = 114)	2·15 (1·16–3·98)	1·93 (1·02–3·67)			2·08 (1·22–3·54)		1·84 (1·16–2·93)

APS = anti‐phospholipid syndrome.

Fisher’s exact test.

At least one positive isotype of aCL combined with any anti‐β₂GPI isotype plus a positive LA test.

OR not possible to calculate as none of 50 (0%) non‐Caucasian patients have anti‐β₂GPI immunoglobulin (Ig)G; 38 of 476 (8%) Caucasian patients have anti‐β₂GPI IgG.

OR not possible to calculate as none of 23 (0%) patients with pulmonary embolism do not have anti‐β₂GPI IgM; 64 of 503 (13%) of patients with pulmonary embolism have anti‐β₂GPI IgM.