Table 3.
Dietary intakes of overweight/obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
| Dietary intakes | Cardamom (n = 43) Mean(SD) | Placebo (n = 44) Mean(SD) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | Baseline | 2309.3(763.3) | 2164.6(761.6) | 0.3* | 0.4** |
| 1.5 Months | 1857.8(563.7) | 1871.1(641.1) | 0.9 | ||
| 3 Months | 1947.5(656.7) | 1978.4(636.8) | 0.8 | ||
| Protein (g) | Baseline | 91.3(37.8) | 83.7(34.4) | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| 1.5 Months | 77.1(34.1) | 74.8(31.6) | 0.7 | ||
| 3 Months | 79.6(31.7) | 83.1(30.4) | 0.7 | ||
| Protein (%) | Baseline | 15.8(4.2) | 15.5(4.1) | 0.7 | 0.6 |
| 1.5 Months | 16.2(3.7) | 15.9(3.7) | 0.6 | ||
| 3 Months | 16.4(4.4) | 16.9(3.5) | 0.5 | ||
| Carbohydrate (g) | Baseline | 275.3(110.7) | 261.1(94.0) | 0.5 | 0.3 |
| 1.5 Months | 221.6(76.4) | 234.6(80.6) | 0.6 | ||
| 3 Months | 231.1(90.3) | 239.5(81.1) | 0.6 | ||
| Carbohydrate (%) | Baseline | 47.5(10.3) | 48.7(9.8) | 0.5 | 0.7 |
| 1.5 Months | 47.8(8.1) | 50.5(6.6) | 0.08 | ||
| 3 Months | 47.3(7.8) | 48.6(7.1) | 0.4 | ||
| Fat (g) | Baseline | 99.2(36.9) | 89.9(43.9) | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| 1.5 Months | 78.0(26.6) | 75.1(30.6) | 0.3 | ||
| 3 Months | 82.3(29.6) | 81.4(34.2) | 0.5 | ||
| Fat (%) | Baseline | 38.7(8.6) | 37.2(8.4) | 0.4 | 0.8 |
| 1.5 Months | 38.0(6.7) | 35.8(5.2) | 0.1 | ||
| 3 Months | 38.2(6.3) | 36.8(6.8) | 0.3 | ||
| Cholesterol (mg) | Baseline | 234.4(143.5) | 221.9(174.5) | 0.3 | 0.8 |
| 1.5 Months | 208.0(134.4) | 186.1(141.6) | 0.3 | ||
| 3 Months | 290.6(375.1) | 255.3(154.9) | 0.4 | ||
| Saturated fat (g) | Baseline | 26.0(11.2) | 24.0(13.7) | 0.4 | 0.7 |
| 1.5 Months | 21.2(9.6) | 21.2(11.7) | 0.7 | ||
| 3 Months | 23.8(11.3) | 22.8(8.7) | 0.8 | ||
| Monounsaturated fatty acid (g) | Baseline | 36.2(14.3) | 32.9(16.9) | 0.1 | 0.6 |
| 1.5 Months | 28.3(10.0) | 27.5(11.4) | 0.5 | ||
| 3 Months | 30.5(11.2) | 29.1(11.0) | 0.3 | ||
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid (g) | Baseline | 26.3(13.1) | 22.4(12.2) | 0.08 | 0.1 |
| 1.5 Months | 20.2(9.2) | 19.5(8.8) | 0.5 | ||
| 3 Months | 19.2(8.6) | 20.1(12.1) | 0.7 | ||
| Vitamin A (RAE) (μg) | Baseline | 465.7(449.5) | 419.1(434.7) | 0.4 | 0.3 |
| 1.5 Months | 285.1(222.8) | 375.5(326.9) | 0.2 | ||
| 3 Months | 365.5(349.3) | 397.2(246.2) | 0.1 | ||
| Carotenoids (mg) | Baseline | 10.3(9.3) | 8.7(8.2) | 0.3 | 0.2 |
| 1.5 Months | 6.9(6.7) | 6.9(7.3) | 0.8 | ||
| 3 Months | 7.2(7.5) | 8.9(6.3) | 0.08 | ||
| Vitamin C (mg) | Baseline | 88.7(92.1) | 93.2(84.0) | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| 1.5 Months | 84.6(83.4) | 79.1(60.2) | 0.8 | ||
| 3 Months | 76.0(52.0) | 87.1(61.9) | 0.4 | ||
| Calcium (mg) | Baseline | 968.3(589.4) | 872.0(530.4) | 0.3 | 0.05 |
| 1.5 Months | 925.4(390.3) | 951.3(490.1) | 0.7 | ||
| 3 Months | 930.5(485.1) | 1145.1(533.4) | 0.03 | ||
| Iron (mg) | Baseline | 15.1(6.6) | 14.0(4.7) | 0.4 | 0.7 |
| 1.5 Months | 11.6(4.0) | 11.5(3.8) | 0.8 | ||
| 3 Months | 12.3(5.0) | 11.7(4.4) | 0.5 | ||
| Vitamin D (μg) | Baseline | 0.9(1.4) | 1.5(3.0) | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| 1.5 Months | 0.9(1.5) | 1.6(2.4) | 0.1 | ||
| 3 Months | 1.2(1.2) | 2.1(2.1) | 0.03 | ||
| Vitamin E (mg) | Baseline | 31.7(16.2) | 24.3(12.7) | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| 1.5 Months | 23.8(11.2) | 22.3(9.7) | 0.4 | ||
| 3 Months | 22.6(10.3) | 23.8(11.3) | 0.8 | ||
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | Baseline | 1.6(0.7) | 1.6(0.6) | 0.6 | 0.7 |
| 1.5 Months | 1.4(0.5) | 1.4(0.5) | 0.9 | ||
| 3 Months | 1.5(0.5) | 1.5(0.5) | 0.6 | ||
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | Baseline | 1.9(1.0) | 1.7(0.8) | 0.6 | 0.06 |
| 1.5 Months | 1.6(0.6) | 1.6(0.7) | 0.9 | ||
| 3 Months | 1.6(0.7) | 2.0(0.8) | 0.07 | ||
| Vitamin B3 (mg) | Baseline | 27.0(13.5) | 23.9(12.7) | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| 1.5 Months | 21.8(12.9) | 19.9(11.5) | 0.4 | ||
| 3 Months | 21.1(8.2) | 21.9(10.3) | 0.8 | ||
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | Baseline | 1.9(0.9) | 1.7(0.7) | 0.2 | 0.02 |
| 1.5 Months | 1.6(0.7) | 1.5(0.7) | 0.4 | ||
| 3 Months | 1.5(0.5) | 1.7(0.6) | 0.1 | ||
| Folate (DFE) (μg) | Baseline | 405.7(192.2) | 457.2(182.8) | 0.8 | 0.5 |
| 1.5 Months | 370.8(176.5) | 363.7(157.1) | 0.6 | ||
| 3 Months | 388.0(183.1) | 348.8(130.9) | 0.2 | ||
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | Baseline | 4.1(2.5) | 4.1(2.8) | 0.8 | 0.9 |
| 1.5 Months | 3.5(2.1) | 3.6(2.5) | 0.9 | ||
| 3 Months | 4.6(3.8) | 4.4(2.0) | 0.5 | ||
| Vitamin K (μg) | Baseline | 257.3(489.8) | 198.3(371.0) | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| 1.5 Months | 118.9(225.8) | 147.9(233.4) | 0.2 | ||
| 3 Months | 195.0(373.0) | 113.2(193.2) | 0.8 | ||
| Zinc (mg) | Baseline | 11.8(5.2) | 11.5(4.8) | 0.9 | 0.7 |
| 1.5 Months | 9.7(3.6) | 10.4(4.1) | 0.5 | ||
| 3 Months | 11.5(6.2) | 11.4(3.8) | 0.6 | ||
| Selenium (μg) | Baseline | 98.9(48.1) | 106.9(52.4) | 0.4 | 0.7 |
| 1.5 Months | 85.6(42.3) | 94.1(38.7) | 0.3 | ||
| 3 Months | 101.4(50.7) | 103.3(43.5) | 0.7 | ||
| Total fiber (g) | Baseline | 30.3(16.5) | 26.6(15.3) | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| 1.5 Months | 26.1(13.1) | 22.4(10.2) | 0.1 | ||
| 3 Months | 24.7(12.7) | 25.2(12.2) | 0.6 | ||
*Total of the column: t-test or Mann-Whitney; **Total of the column: Two way repeated measures-ANOVA (TWRM-ANOVA)