Table 2.

Baseline and post-intervention maximal range of motion in the lumbar spine and hip joint

		Baseline	Post-intervention	Mean difference (95%CI)
Chronic low back pain
Waiter’s bow
Lumbar spine	Control	17.9 (5.9)	17.5 (6.6)	−0.4 (−2.9 to 2.0)
	Mirror	18.5 (4.3)	15.8 (2.7)	−2.7 (−0.5 to − 0.2)
	Sensor	16.2 (6.2)	6.5 (4.7)	− 9.7 (− 13.9 to − 5.5)a
Hip	Control	27.8 (16.3)	28.3 (15.8)	0.5 (− 4.7 to 5.8)
	Mirror	36.0 (13.7)	38.5 (14.2)	2.5 (− 3.4 to 8.4)
	Sensor	31.4 (9.8)	46.1 (11.8)	14.7 (6.4 to 23.0)a
Lifting task
Lumbar spine	Control	23.7 (7.2)	22.0 (10.6)	− 1.7 (− 5.1 to 1.8)
	Mirror	20.5 (7.2)	18.9 (4.7)	− 1.6 (− 4.1 to 1.0)
	Sensor	21.0 (7.5)	13.9 (7.8)	−7.2 (− 3.7 to − 10.7)a
Hip	Control	89.2 (13.6)	87.3 (14.7)	− 1.9 (− 7.9 to 4.1)
	Mirror	91.1 (13.6)	86.3 (19.2)	− 4.9 (− 11.5 to 1.8)
	Sensor	89.7 (12.8)	95.4 (9.8)	5.7 (− 0.1 to 11.5)
Healthy subjects
Waiter’s bow
Lumbar spine	Control	20.5 (7.3)	18.7 (9.7)	−1.8 (−6.3 to 2.8)
	Mirror	22.2 (7.7)	20.6 (9.8)	−1.6 (−5.1 to 1.8)
	Sensor	21.5 (6.1)	8.2 (4.4)	− 13.3 (− 17.9 to − 9.4)a
Hip	Control	26.1 (10.5)	33.4 (13.8)	7.2 (− 1.6 to 12.9)
	Mirror	27.7 (12.7)	33.5 (15.1)	5.8 (1.1 to 10.4)
	Sensor	30.7 (10.1)	45.1 (7.4)	14.5 (9.2 to 19.7)a
Lifting task
Lumbar spine	Control	24.1 (10.7)	22.4 (11.0)	− 1.8 (− 3.0 to − 0.7)
	Mirror	27.8 (7.0)	26.9 (7.3)	− 0.9 (− 3.7 to 1.8)
	Sensor	27.0 (8.3)	19.8 (7.0)	− 7.1 (− 2.6 to − 11.7)a
Hip	Control	88.0 (13.1)	86.7 (12.7)	− 1.3 (− 8.8 to 2.1)
	Mirror	92.4 (13.3)	92.6 (7.8)	0.2 (−4.2 to 4.6)
	Sensor	83.9 (14.1)	92.1 (10.7)	8.2 (3.1 to 13.3)

All data are expressed as angles in degrees (°). Data for baseline and post-intervention are mean (SD). Mean difference = post-intervention minus baseline

^aMean difference > measurement error