Table 1.
Maternal and infant characteristics by maternal T1D and country in the TEDDY study (n = 8,676)
| The United States n = 3,723 | Finland n = 1,833 | Germany n = 595 | Sweden n = 2,525 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics groupa | Mother with T1D n = 127 | Other n = 3,596 | Mother with T1D n = 68 | Other n = 1,765 | Mother with T1D n = 109 | Other n 486 | Mother with T1D n = 53 | Other n = 2,472 |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||
| Maternal age (years) | 29 (26–33) | 30 (26–34) | 29 (25–33.5) | 30 (27–33) | 31 (29–35) | 32 (28–35) | 31 (28–33) | 31 (28–34) |
| Maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 (21.8–28.1) | 24.1 (21.5–28.4) | 23.9b (22.6–27.3) | 23.3 (21.1–25.9) | 23.8b (23.8–27.1) | 23.0 (20.6–26.2) | 24.8b (22.8–28.0) | 23.2 (21.2–26.3) |
| Missing data (n) | 5 | 149 | 2 | 40 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 52 |
| Mother's first child (%) | 51.5 | 40.1 | 50.9 | 44.5 | 51.8 | 48.1 | 41.5 | 47.4 |
| Missing data (n) | 26 | 946 | 13 | 344 | 26 | 172 | 12 | 548 |
| Maternal education, more than high school (%) | 92.3 | 89.7 | 98.2 | 95.3 | 92.8 | 90.1 | 75.6 | 72.4 |
| Missing data (n) | 36 | 1227 | 13 | 396 | 26 | 172 | 12 | 577 |
| Smoked during pregnancy (%) | 9.9 | 10.7 | 21.5 | 14.2 | 22.2 | 19.1 | 21.2 | 13.0 |
| Missing data (n) | 6 | 123 | 3 | 56 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 48 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||
| Birth weight (g) | 3,582 (3,070–3,894) | 3,439 (3,070–3,750) | 3,740b (3,395–4,100) | 3,550 (3,200–3,880) | 3,615b (3,175–3,960) | 3,445 (3,100–3,740) | 3,800b (3,440–4,230) | 3,595 (3,260–3,935) |
| Missing data (n) | 8 | 226 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 37.5b (36.0–38.0) | 40.0 (38.0–40.0) | 37b (36.2–38.2) | 40 (39.0–40.3) | 38.4b (38.0–40.0) | 40 (38.3–40.0) | 38.3b (37.7–39.6) | 40 (38.9–40.9) |
| Missing data (n) | 1 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 min Apgar score ≥ 9 (%) | 57.6b | 79.5 | 62.7b | 87.0 | 86.1b | 94.1 | 97.0 | 96.9 |
| Missing data (n) | 75 | 2461 | 1 | 21 | 1 | 13 | 20 | 893 |
| Caesarean section (%) | 67.5 b | 35.0 | 67.7 b | 15.5 | 50.5b | 31.7 | 39.6b | 14.2 |
| Missing data (n) | 75 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sex, girls (%) | 46.5 | 49.5 | 63.2 | 48.6 | 53.2 | 49.6 | 47.2 | 49.5 |
| Breastfeeding duration (days) | ||||||||
| Exclusive | 0.5b (0.5–7.0) | 7.0 (0.5–56.0) | 15.0 (3.8–63.0) | 21.0 (0.5–84.0) | 7.0b (0.5–61.0) | 35.0 (0.5–137.0) | 0.5b (0.5–7.0) | 28.0 (0.5–105.0) |
| Missing data (n) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Overall | 84.0b (28.0–280.0) | 174.0 (42.0–365.0) | 189.5 (63.0–365.0) | 247.0 (124.0–365.0) | 167.0 (35.0–314.0) | 199.5 (56.0–304.0) | 191.0 (122.0–259.0) | 210.0 (84.0–283.0) |
| Missing data (n) | 0 | 23 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 9 |
Note. Data expressed as median (interquartile range) or as %. T1D = Type 1 diabetes; TEDDY = the Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young.
a
All characteristics groups showed significant differences (p < .05) between countries, by maternal T1D group, except mother's first child, smoking during pregnancy, BMI (only maternal T1D), and sex (both maternal T1D and father or sibling with T1D groups).
b
Significant difference between mothers with T1D versus other mothers within each country (p < .01).