Table 3.
First introduced infant formula and solid foods after exclusive breastfeeding in infants of mothers with T1D and in other infants by country in TEDDY study
| First complementary foods introduced from birth—Proportion (%) of users | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The United States n = 2,998 | Finland n = 1,638 | Germany n = 493 | Sweden n = 2,237 | |||||
| Food group | Mother with T1D n = 107 | Other n = 2,891 | Mother with T1D n = 62 | Other n = 1,576 | Mother with T1D n = 93 | Other n = 400 | Mother with T1D n = 48 | Other n = 2,189 |
| From birth | ||||||||
| Infant formula | 88.8 | 76.7a | 75.8 | 71.6 | 77.4 | 62.8b | 87.5 | 69.1a |
| Root vegetable | 0.0 | 2.3 | 12.9 | 12.4 | 8.6 | 18.0b | 6.3 | 15.9 |
| Fruit | 1.9 | 8.4b | 6.5 | 12.5 | 6.5 | 11.0 | 6.3 | 8.8 |
| Rice | 6.5 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 |
| Otherc | 2.8 | 5.8 | 4.8 | 3.2 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 0.0 | 5.3 |
| 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
| First complementary foods introduced after 3rd day of life—Proportion (%) of users | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The United States n = 1,613 | Finland n = 1,176 | Germany n = 358 | Sweden n = 1,633 | |||||
| Food group | Mother with T1D n = 34 | Other n = 1,579 | Mother with T1D n = 51 | Other n = 1,125 | Mother with T1D n = 51 | Other n = 307 | Mother with T1D n = 18 | Other n = 1,615 |
| After 3 days of age | ||||||||
| Infant formula | 64.7 | 58.1 | 76.5 | 60.5b | 60.8 | 51.5 | 66.7 | 58.3 |
| Root vegetable | 0.0 | 4.1 | 15.7 | 17.4 | 15.7 | 23.5 | 16.7 | 21.6 |
| Fruit | 5.9 | 15.3 | 7.8 | 17.5 | 11.8 | 14.3 | 16.7 | 12.0 |
| Rice | 20.6 | 12.5 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 1.1 |
| Otherc | 8.9 | 9.9 | 0.0 | 4.3 | 9.8 | 8.1 | 0.0 | 7.1 |
| 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
Note. Proportion (%) of users in those subjects who stayed in the study for at least the first year of life with first food information from the first year of life (n = 7,366). T1D = Type 1 diabetes; TEDDY = the Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young.
Significant difference between mothers with T1D versus other mothers within each country (p < .01).
Significant difference between mothers with T1D versus other mothers within each country (p < .05).
Other group included the following foods: spinach, peas/green beans, cabbages, squash/pumpkin, tomato or tomato sauce, corn, other vegetable, wheat, barley, oats, rye, pork, beef, poultry, other meat, sausage/hot dogs, fish or other seafood, egg, milk products, regular cow's milk or ice cream, and soy milk and other soy products.