Fig. 1.

Used published relationships and onchocerciasis map to calculate the pre-control prevalence of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy. a Community-level all-cause epilepsy prevalence versus corrected onchocerciasis microfilariae prevalence, as published by Pion et al. [4]. b Map of the estimated pre-control prevalence of palpable nodules in the 20 African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control countries, as published by Zouré et al. [41]. c Predicted skin mf prevalence in the general population, given observed nodule prevalence in adult males, as published by Coffeng et al. [69]. Permission for publication of all figures was granted from the journals and authors