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. 2018 Sep 19;9:940. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00940

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Copyright © 2018 Konings, Brentjens, Delvoux, Linnanen, Cornel, Koskimies, Bongers, Kruitwagen, Xanthoulea and Romano.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Intracrine networks. Major intracrine networks metabolizing steroids. In this figure, each reaction reports the catalyzing enzymes whose role in that specific reaction is established based on robust evidences (in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo). Additional enzymes whose involvement in the same reactions is less robustly demonstrated or based only on in silico or cell-free assay are reported in Table 2. The role of 17βHSD3 is disregarded in this figure because restricted to tissues that are not assessed in the present review (testes, prostate, Table 2).

Color codes:

^OV ovarian specific referring to 3β-HSD2 (see text); — dotted arrows indicate reactions that are not fully demonstrated to occur or for which the responsible enzyme is not identified yet; (enzyme name) enzymes indicated by brackets are supposed to catalyze the indicated reaction based on the theoretical assumptions, no experimental proof is yet available; ^& these compounds (THP, 3αDHP and allopregnandiol) exist as various hydroxyl α/β isomers (3, 5, 17) with no activity, classic action or neuroactivity (see Table 2); * the role of DHRS11 in steroid metabolism is reported only recently by one publication (Endo et al., 2016).

graphic file with name fphar-09-00940-i0001.jpg — Intracrine networks. Major intracrine networks metabolizing steroids. In this figure, each reaction reports the catalyzing enzymes whose role in that specific reaction is established based on robust evidences (in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo). Additional enzymes whose involvement in the same reactions is less robustly demonstrated or based only on in silico or cell-free assay are reported in Table 2. The role of 17βHSD3 is disregarded in this figure because restricted to tissues that are not assessed in the present review (testes, prostate, Table 2).

Color codes:

^OV ovarian specific referring to 3β-HSD2 (see text); — dotted arrows indicate reactions that are not fully demonstrated to occur or for which the responsible enzyme is not identified yet; (enzyme name) enzymes indicated by brackets are supposed to catalyze the indicated reaction based on the theoretical assumptions, no experimental proof is yet available; ^& these compounds (THP, 3αDHP and allopregnandiol) exist as various hydroxyl α/β isomers (3, 5, 17) with no activity, classic action or neuroactivity (see Table 2); * the role of DHRS11 in steroid metabolism is reported only recently by one publication (Endo et al., 2016).