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. 2018 Sep 18;8:327. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00327

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Copyright © 2018 Refai, Gritli, Barbouche and Essafi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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ESAT-6 directs M0 and M2 macrophage differentiation toward the M1 phenotype. Non-polarized M0 MΦs, pro-inflammatory M1 MΦs and anti-inflammatory M2 MΦs were differentiated from human purified monocytes as above-indicated. Cells were either treated or not treated with 10 μg/mL ESAT-6. After 6 days of MΦ differentiation, mRNAs were extracted and expression levels of different MΦ markers were assessed by RT-qPCR. Fold changes in gene expression of (A) Cell surface molecules CD80 and CD86, (B) COX2, (C) Transcription factors IRF5 and c-MAF, (D) Chemokines CXCL10, CCL1, and CCL18, as well as (E) Cytokines IL-12, IL-1β, IL-23, IL-6, and IL-10 are shown. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of 3 separate experiments (i.e., 3 different donors), each one carried out in triplicate.