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. 2018 Sep 18;9:2098. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02098

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Copyright © 2018 Strandin, Mäkelä, Mustonen and Vaheri.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Live PUUV does not induce neutrophil activation. (A) Mock- or PUUV-containing Vero E6 supernatants (Sup) or purified PUUV were incubated with freshly isolated PMNs for 3 h (MOI 1) (n = 2). The release of extracellular DNA was assessed by an impermeable DNA binding fluorescent dye. (B) Mock-, live PUUV- or UV-inactivated PUUV-containing Vero E6 supernatants were incubated with PMNs and assessed for DNA release as in (A) (n = 3). (C) Purified PUUV, TULV or HTNV were incubated with fresh PMNs for 3 h (MOI 1) and peroxidase activity assessed from cell culture supernatants by TMB (n = 3). PMA-treated PMNs were used as a positive controls. Difference between groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA + Dunnett's multiple comparisons test and statistically significant differences indicated as either ^*p < 0.05 or ^**p < 0.01.