Table 1.
Factors and media used to differentiate adult stem cells to cardiomyocytes.
| Differentiation approaches | References | Differentiated cell type | Cell culture medium and differentiation factors | Glucose concentration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TGF-β1 family | (178) | Human atria Sca-1+; clonally isolated & magnetic-sorting | 5 μM 5-Aza, TGF-β1 1 ng/ml, 10−4 M AA, IMDM/Ham's F12 GlutaMAX, 2% serum, 1% MEM amino acids, 1% insulin–transferrin–selenium | |
| (179) | Human fetal and adult atrial biopsies, Sca-1+ magnetic-sorting | 12.5 mM | ||
| (180) | Whole mouse heart Sca-1+/ CD45− magnetic-sorting CDCs (Isl1+) | |||
| Oxytocin | (181) | Mouse or rat whole hearts, c-kit+/CD45−/Tryp− magnetic-sorting | DMEM 100 nM oxytocin acetate, 50 μg/ml AA, 2% serum, 1 μM dexamethasone, beta-glycerol phosphate 10 mM, TGF-β1, 5 ng/ml, BMP2 10 ng/ml, BMP4 10 ng/ml, Dkk1 150 ng/ml | 5.5. mM |
| (182) | Mouse whole heart Sca-1+ magnetic-sorting | IMDM, 10% serum, 100 nm oxytocin | 22.5 mM | |
| (183) | Rat, mouse ventricles side population cells | |||
| 5-Azacytidine | (184) | Mouse bone marrow stroma MSCs | IMDM, 20% serum, 3 μmol/L 5-Aza | 20 mM |
| (185) | Human adipose MSCs | RPMI + 15% FCS, 1–9 μmol/L 5-Aza | 9.4 mM | |
| (20) | Mouse whole heart Sca-1+ magnetic-sorting | Medium 199, 2% FBS, 3 μM 5-Aza | 5.5. mM | |
| (186) | Human umbilical cord MSCs | LG-DMEM, 10% FBS, 10 μM 5-Aza | 5.0. mM | |
| (187) | Human bone marrow MSCs | LG-DMEM, 20% serum, 3 μM 5-Aza | 4.4 mM | |
| (188) | Rat bone marrowMSCs | DMEM, 10% FBS, 10 μM 5-Aza | 5.0. mM | |
| Dexamethasone | (189) | Human atrial or ventricular c-kit+ -sorted | F12 medium 10% serum, 10 nM dexamethasone | 9 mM |
| (19) | Rats c-kit+/ Lin− magnetic-sorting | F12 medium 10% serum, 10 nM dexamethasone | 9 mM | |
| (190) | Dog left ventricle c-kit+/ Lin− and Sca-1+/ Lin− magnetic-sorting | F12 medium 10% serum, 10 nM dexamethasone | 9 mM | |
| (53) | mouse whole heart c-kit+ | DMEM, 10% serum, 10 nM dexamethasone | 9 mM |
5-Aza, 5-azacytidine; AA, Ascorbic acid; BMP, Bone morphogenic protein; Dkk1, Dickkopf-related protein 1; DMEM, Dubecco Modified Eagle Medium; MDMD, Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium; LG-DMEM: low glucose DMEM; MEM, Minimum Essential Medium; RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium; TGFβ, transforming growth factor β.