Table 2.
Characteristics of the studies that established the reference values for isometric strength of the upper/lower limb and axial muscular groups.
| UPPER LIMB MUSCLES | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Study and location | Participants (n; age; and sex) | Equipments or methods | Muscle groups |
| McKay et al.22 2017 Australia |
n = 1000; 3–101 years; W/M: 500/500 |
Hand-held dynamometer (Citec dynamometer CT 3001; CIT Technics, Groningen, Netherlands) |
Elbow flexors/extensors, shoulder internal/external rotators; grip |
| Decostre et al.23 2015 France |
n = 345; 5–79 years; W/M:198/147 |
MyoWrist dynamometer | Wrist flexors/extensors |
| Harlinger et al.24 2015 USA |
n = 180; 20–64 years; W/M:90/90 | Nicholas manual muscle tester (NMMT; Lafayette Instrument, Lafayette, IN) | Wrist and elbow flexors/extensors; shoulder internal/external rotators, abductors, flexors/extensors, and horizontal abductors/adductors |
| Molenaar et al.25 2011 Netherlands |
n = 101; 4–12 years; W/M:52/49 |
Rotterdam intrinsic hand myometer | Thumb flexors, oppositors and abductor; and abductors of the 2° and 5° fingers |
| Riemann et al.26 2010 USA |
n = 181; 20–40 years; W/M:91/90 |
Hand-held baseline 250 hydraulic push-pull dynamometer (Baseline Corporation, Invirgton, NY) | Shoulder internal/external rotators |
|
aKim et al.27 2009 USA |
n = 237; 40–86 years; W/M:93/144 |
Isobex dynamometer (Cursor AG, Bern, Switzerland) | Shoulder external rotators and abductors |
| Werle et al.28 2009 Switzerland |
n = 1023; 18–96 years; W/M:507/516 |
Jamar dynamometer (Sammons Preston Rolyan, Bolingbrook, IL, USA); Pinch gauge (Baseline Fabrication Enterprises Inc., Irvingston, NY, USA) |
Grip Lateral pinch |
| Danneskiold-Samsøe et al.35 2009 Denmark |
n = 174; 20–80 years; W/M:121/53 |
Lido active (Lido Multijoint II, Loredan Biomedical, Davis, CA, USA) Hand dynamometer (Type HKRM no.: D90116; AB Detector, Göteborg, Sweden) |
Wrist and elbow flexors/extensors; shoulder internal/external rotators, abductors/adductors, and flexors/extensors; Grip (only men) |
| Holm et al.39 2008 Norway |
n = 376; 7–12 years; W/M:191/185 |
Jamar dynamometer (Jamar, Bolingbrook, IL, USA) | Grip |
| Jansen et al.29 2008 USA |
n = 224; 65–92 years; W/M:140/84 |
Jamar dynamometer; B & L pinch gauge |
Grip; lateral, palmar, and pulp-to-pulp pinch |
| Meldrum et al.30 2007 Ireland |
n = 494; 19–76 years; W/M:259/235 |
Quantitative muscle assessment system | Elbow flexors/extensors; shoulder abductors/adductors |
| Hogrel et al.37 2007 France |
n = 315; 20–80 years; W/M:168/147 |
Quantitative muscle testing | Elbow flexors/extensors; shoulder internal/external rotators, abductors, flexors/extensors; grip |
| Eek et al.31 2006 Sweden |
n = 149; 5–15 years; W/M:73/76 |
Hand-held electronic dynamometer (Adapted Chatillon dynamometer; Axel Ericson Medical AB, S Vägen 12, 412 54 Gothenburg, Sweden) | Wrist extensors; elbow flexors/extensors; shoulder abductors |
| Beenakker et al.46 2001 Netherlands |
n = 270; 4–16 years; W/M:131/139 |
Hand-held dynamometer type CT 3001 (C.I.T. Technics, Groningen, The Netherlands) | Palmar pinch; Wrist extensors; elbow flexors/extensors; shoulder abductors; |
| Stoll et al.36 2000 Switzerland |
n = 543, 20–82 years; W/M:290/253 |
Hand-held pull gauge Martin vigorimeter |
Wrist and elbow flexors/extensors; shoulder internal/external rotators, abductors/adductors, flexors/extensors; grip |
| Phillips et al.44 2000 Australia |
n = 200; 20–69 years; W/M:100/100 |
Penny and Giles hand-held myometer (Penny & Giles Instrumentation Ltd., 4 Airfield Way, Christchurch, Dorset BH233TS, England) | Wrist extensors; elbow flexors/extensors; shoulder external rotators and abductors |
| Hughes et al.32 1999 USA |
n = 120; 20–78 years; W/M:60/60 |
Modified Cybex II dynamometer (Cybex, Ronkonkoma, New York) | Shoulder internal/external rotators, abductors/adductors and flexors/extensors |
| Hughes et al.40 1999 USA |
n = 120; 20–78 years; W/M:60/60 |
Cybex II dynamometer | Shoulder internal/external rotators, abductors/adductors, and flexors/extensors |
| Bohannon38 1997 USA |
n = 231; 20–79 years; W/M:125/106 |
Ametek digital hand-held dynamometer | Wrist extensors; elbow flexors/extensors; shoulder abductors and extensors |
| Boatright et al.33 1997 USA |
n = 309; 20–97 years; W/M:208/101 |
Jamar dynamometer (Asimow Engineering, Los Angeles, CA); Pinch gauge (B&L Engeneering, Santa Fe Springs, CA); Thumb abduction strength testing device |
Grip Lateral pinch Thumb abductors |
| Andrews et al.34 1996 USA |
n = 156; 50–79 years; W/M:70/77 |
Chatillon CSD400C hand-held dynamometer |
Wrist extensors; elbow flexors/extensors; shoulder internal/external rotators, abductors and flexors/extensors |
| The National Isometric Muscle Strength (NIMS) Database Consortium,45 1996 USA |
n = 493; 18–80 years; W/M:273/220 |
Interface SM-250 electronic strain gauge (Interface, Inc., 7401 E. ButtherusDr., Scottsdale, AZ 85260) Jamar model 2A (Asimow Engineering Co., Santa Monica, CA.) |
Elbow and shoulder flexors/extensors Grip |
| Backman et al.16 1995 Sweden |
n = 128; 17–70 years; W/M:63/65 |
Portable electronic dynamometer (Myometer, Penny & Giles Transducers Ltd, Dorset, England) Strain gauge (Rank Stanley Cox) |
Wrist extensors; elbow flexors; shoulder abductors Grip |
| Crosby et al.42 1994 USA |
n = 214; 16–63 years; W/M:109/105 |
Jamar Dynamometer (Asimow Engineering, Los Angeles, CA). Pinch gauge (B& L Engineering, Santa Fe, CA) |
Grip Lateral and pulp-to-pulp pinch |
| Gilbertson and Barber-Lomax51 1994 Scotland |
n = 260; 15–92; W/M:130/130 |
Jamar dynamometer (Asimov Engineering Co., Los Angeles, CA) B+L hydraulic pinch gauge (B+L Engeneering, Santa Fe Springs, CA) |
Grip Lateral, palmar, and pulp-to-pulp pinch |
| Lannersten et al.48 1993 Sweden |
n = 186; 19–65 years; W/M:90/96 |
Electromechanical force transducer (Bofors, Suécia) |
Shoulder external rotators, abductors, and flexors; |
| Rice et al.50 1989 Canada |
n = 118; 62–92; W/M:81/37 |
Modified sphygmomanometer Hand-grip Stoelting dynamometer (Stoelting Co., 1350 South Kosner Ave, Chicago, IL 60651) |
Elbow flexors/extensors; shoulder abductors and flexors Grip |
| Backman et al.17 1989 Sweden |
n = 217; 3.5–15 years; W/M:104/113 |
Portable electronic dynamometer (Myometer, Penny and Gyles Transducers Ltd., Dorset, England) | Wrist extensors; elbow flexors/extensors; and shoulder abductors |
| Sunnegardh et al.47 1988 Sweden |
n = 124; 8–13 years; W/M:65/59 |
Pressure transducers (Presductor ®, ASEA) | Grip |
| Andersen and Henckel41 1987 Denmark |
n = 293; 6–19 years; W/M:165/128 |
Strain gauge dynamometers | Elbow flexors |
| Murray et al.49 1985 USA |
n = 40; 25–36 (young)/55–66 years (elderly); W/M:20/20 | U-shaped deflection-beam force gauges (Model X-T-KG, W. C. Dillon & Co., Inc., Van Nuys, California) | Shoulder internal/external rotators, abductors/adductors, and flexors/extensors |
| Mathiowetz et al.43 1985 USA |
n = 628; 20–94 years; W/M:318/310 |
Jamar dynamometer (Asimov Engineering Co.Los Angeles, CA) B & L pinch gauge (B&L Engineering, Tustin. CA) |
Grip Lateral, palmar, and pulp-to-pulp pinch |
| LOWER LIMB MUSCLES | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Study and location | Participants (n; age; and sex) |
Equipments or methods | Muscle groups |
| McKay et al.22 2017 Australia |
n = 1000; 3–101 years; W/M: 500/500 |
Hand-held dynamometer (Citec dynamometer CT 3001; CIT Technics, Groningen, Netherlands) Fixed dynamometry (CSMi; HUMAC NORM, Stoughton, MA) |
Ankle dorsiflexors/plantarflexors; knee flexors/extensors; hip internal and external rotators, and abductors |
| Moraux et al.52 2013 France |
n = 345; 5–80 years; W/M:198/147 |
Ankle dynamometer |
Ankle dorsiflexors/plantarflexors |
| Danneskiold-Samsøe et al.35 2009 Denmark |
n = 174; 20–80 years; W/M:121/53 |
Lido active (Lido Multi Joint II, Loredan Biomedical, Davis, CA, USA) | Ankle dorsiflexors/plantarflexors; knee flexors/extensors; hip internal/external rotators, abductors/adductors, and flexors/extensors |
| Meldrum et al.30 2007 Ireland |
n = 494; 19–76 years; W/M:259/235 |
Quantitative muscle assessment system | Ankle dorsiflexors; knee flexors/extensors; and hip flexors |
| Hogrel et al.37 2007 France |
n = 315; 20–80 years; W/M:168/147 |
Quantitative muscle testing | Ankle dorsiflexors; knee and hip flexors/extensors |
| Eek et al.31 2006 Sweden |
n = 149; 5–15 years; W/M:73/76 |
Hand-held eletronic dynamometer (Adapted Chatillon dynamometer; Axel Ericson Medical AB, S Vägen 12, 412 54 Gothenburg, Sweden) | Ankle dorsiflexors/plantarflexors; knee flexors/extensors; hip abductors/adductors and flexors/extensors |
| Beenakker et al.46 2001 Netherlands |
n = 270; 4–16 years; W/M:131/139 |
Hand-held dynamometer type CT 3001 (C.I.T. Technics, Groningen, The Netherlands) | Ankle dorsiflexors; knee flexors/extensors; hip abductors and flexors |
| Stoll et al.36 2000 Switzerland |
n = 543, 20–82 years; W/M:290/253 |
Hand-held pull gauge | Ankle dorsiflexors/plantarflexors; knee flexors/extensors; hip internal/external rotators, abductors/adductors, and flexors/extensors |
| Phillips et al.44 2000 Australia |
n = 200; Age:20–69 years; F:100/M:100 |
Penny and Gileshand-held myometer (Penny & Giles Instrumentation Ltd., 4 Airfield Way, Christchurch, Dorset BH233TS, England) | Ankle dorsiflexors; hip abductors and flexors |
| Bohannon38 1997 USA |
n = 231; 20–79 years; W/M:125/106 |
Ametek digital hand-held dynamometer | Ankle dorsiflexors; knee extensors; hip abductors and flexors |
| Andrews et al.34 1996 USA |
n = 147; 50–79 years; W/M:70/77 |
Chatillon CSD400C hand-held dynamometer |
Ankle dorsiflexors; knee flexors/extensors; hip, abductors and flexors |
| The National Isometric Muscle Strength (NIMS) Database Consortium45 1996 USA |
n = 493; 18–80 years; W/M:273/220 |
Interface SM-250 electronic strain gauge (Interface, Inc., 7401 E. ButtherusDr., Scottsdale, AZ 85260) |
Ankle dorsiflexors; knee and hip flexors/extensors |
| Backman et al.16 1995 Sweden |
n = 128; 17–70 years; W/M:63/65 |
Portable electronic dynamometer (Myometer, Penny & Giles Transducers Ltd, Dorset, England) | Ankle dorsiflexors; knee flexors/extensors; hip abductors and flexors |
| Backman et al.17 1989 Sweden |
n = 217; 3.5–15 years; W/M:104/113 |
Portable electronic dynamometer (Myometer, Penny and Gyles Transducers Ltd., Dorset, England) | Ankle dorsiflexors; knee flexors/extensors; hip abductors and flexors/extensors |
| Rice et al.50 1989 Canada |
n = 118; 62–92 years; W/M:81/37 |
Modified sphygmomanometer | Ankle dorsiflexors/plantarflexors; knee extensors; hip flexors/extensors |
| Sunnegardh et al.47 1988 Sweden |
n = 124; 8–13 years; W/M: 65/59 |
Pressure transducers (Presductor ®, ASEA) | Knee extensors |
| Andersen and Henckel41 1987 Denmark |
n = 293; 16–19 years; W/M:165/128 |
Strain gauge dynamometers | Knee extensors |
| AXIAL MUSCLES | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Study and location | Participants (n; age; and sex) |
Equipments or methods | Muscle groups |
| Paalanne et al.60 2009 Finland |
n = 874; 19 ± 0.2 years; W/M:493/381 |
Computerized strain gauge dynamometer (New Test, Co., Oulu, Finland) | Trunk flexors/extensors and rotators |
| Danneskiold-Samsøe et al.35 2009 Denmark |
n = 174; 20–80 years; W/M:121/53 |
Lido active (Lido Multi Joint II, Loredan Biomedical, Davis, CA, USA) | Trunk flexors/extensors |
| Cagnie et al.53 2007 Belgium |
n = 96; 20–59 years; W/M:48/48 |
Biodex isokinetic dynamometer | Neck flexors/extensors |
| Meldrum et al.30 2007 Ireland |
n = 494; 19–76 years; W/M:259/235 |
Quantitative muscle assessment system | Neck flexors |
| Hogrel et al.37 2007 France |
n = 315; 20–80 years; W/M:168/147 |
Quantitative muscle testing | Neck flexors |
| Salo et al.59 2006 Finland |
n = 220; 20–59 years; W:220 |
Specially designed measurement system | Neck flexors/extensors and rotators |
|
aGarcés et al.56 2002 Spain |
n = 94; 20->60 years; W/M:43/51 |
Kin-Con ® computerized dynamometer | Neck flexors/extensors |
| Chiu et al.57 2002 China |
n = 91; 20–84 years; W/M:46/45 |
Multi cervical rehabilitation unit (Hanoun Medical Inc., Ontario, Canada) | Neck flexors/extensors; lateral flexors; protractors/retractors |
| Peolsson et al.54 2001 Sweden |
n = 101; 25–63 years; W/M:50/51 |
David back clinic 140 (DCB 140) | Neck flexors/extensors and lateral flexors |
| Beenakker et al.46 2001 Netherlands |
n = 270; 4–16 years; W/M:131/139 |
Hand-held dynamometer type CT 3001 (C.I.T. Technics, Groningen, The Netherlands) | Neck flexors |
| Stoll et al.36 2000 Switzerland |
n = 543, 20–82 years; W/M:290/253 |
Hand-held pull gauge | Neck flexors/extensors; trunk flexors and rotators |
| Phillips et al.44 2000 Australia |
n = 200; 20–69 years; W/M:100/100 |
Penny and Gileshand-held myometer (Penny & Giles Instrumentation Ltd., 4 Airfield Way, Christchurch, Dorset BH233TS, England) | Neck flexors |
| Jordan et al.58 1999 Denmark |
n = 100; 20–70 years; W/M:50/50 |
Strain-gauge dynamometer (Neck Exercise Unit, Norway) | Neck flexors/extensors |
| Vernon et al.55 1992 Canada |
n = 40; 25 ± 2 years; M:40 |
Modified sphygmomanometer dynamometer (Magnatec Co. Ltd. Concord, Ontario, Canada) |
Neck flexors/extensors; lateral flexors and rotators |
| Sunnegardh et al.47 1988 Sweden |
n = 124; 8–13 years; W/M:65/59 |
Pressure transducers (Presductor ®, ASEA) |
Trunk flexors/extensors |
| Andersen and Henckel41 1987 Denmark |
n = 193; 16–19 years; W/M:165/28 |
Strain gauge dynamometer | Trunk flexors/extensors |
| Nordin et al.61 1987 USA |
n = 101; 18–48 years; W:101 |
Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer | Trunk flexors/extensors |
W: women; M: men; USA: United States of America.
a
Reported sample calculation.