Table 3.
Characteristics of the studies that established the reference values for isokinetic strength.
| Study and location | Participants (n; age; and sex) | Instrumentation | Muscular groups |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lundgren et al.64 2011 Sweden |
n = 436; 6–12 years; W/M:190/246 |
Computerized dynamometer (Biodex System 3®, Biodex Medical Systems, Inc., Shirley, NY, USA) | Knee flexors/extensors |
| Danneskiold-Samsøe et al.35 2009 Denmark |
n = 174; 20–80 years; W/M:121/53 |
Lido active (Lido Multi Joint II, Loredan Biomedical, Davis, CA, USA) | Shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee and trunk flexors/extensors; shoulder and hip abductors/adductors, external/internal rotators; ankle dorsiflexors/plantarflexors |
| Holm et al.39 2008 Norway |
n = 376; 7–12 years; W/M:191/185 |
Cybex 6000 (Cybex-Lumex Inc, Ronkonkoma, NY,USA) | Knee flexors/extensors |
|
aWiggin et al.65 2006 USA |
n = 3587; 6–13 years; W/M: 2030/1557 |
Biodex system II and III isokinetic dynamometers | Knee flexors/extensors |
| Frontera et al.62 1991 EUA |
n = 200; 45–78 years; W/M:114/86 |
Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer | Elbow and knee flexors/extensors |
| Sunnegardh et al.47 1988 Sweden |
n = 124; 8–13 years; W/M:65/59 |
Cybex II with a modified lever | Elbow flexors and knee flexors/extensors |
| Nordin et al.61 1987 USA |
n = 101; Age: 18–48 years; W:101 |
Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer | Trunk flexors/extensors |
| Ivey et al.63 1985 USA |
n = 31; 21–50 years; W/M:13/18 |
Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer | Shoulder flexors/extensors, abductors/adductors, external/internal rotators |
W: women; M: men; USA: United States of America.
a
Reported sample calculation.