Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the sample, with and without depression
| Total (n=2955) |
With depression (n=592) |
Without depression (n=2363) |
P values | Effect size* | |
| Sociodemographic variables | |||||
| Gender (female); % (n) | 48.1 (1421) | 67.7 (401) | 43.02 (1020) | <0.001 | 0.197† |
| Age (years); mean (SD) | 70.2 (10.6) | 71.1 (10.3) | 69.9 (10.7) | 0.017 | 0.110‡ |
| Country of origin (foreign-born); % (n) | 2.4 (70) | 2.9 (17) | 2.2 (53) | 0.368 | 0.017† |
| Marital status; % (n) | <0.001 | 0.123† | |||
| Single without partner | 4.6 (136) | 2.7 (16) | 5.1 (120) | ||
| Married or with partner | 70.4 (2077) | 62 (366) | 72.5 (1711) | ||
| Divorced | 4.2 (124) | 5.9 (35) | 3.8 (89) | ||
| Widowed | 20.8 (614) | 29.3 (173) | 18.7 (441) | ||
| Educational level; % (n) | <0.001 | 0.081† | |||
| Not completed | 20.9 (613) | 25.7 (152) | 19.5 (461) | ||
| Primary | 46.7 (1367) | 48.6 (288) | 46.7 (1104) | ||
| Secondary | 19.7 (576) | 16.4 (97) | 20.3 (479) | ||
| University | 12.8 (374) | 9.3 (55) | 13.5 (319) | ||
| Employment status; n (%) | |||||
| Employed | 15.7 (459) | 9.5 (56) | 17 (403) | <0.001 | 0.084† |
| Variables related to diabetes | |||||
| Duration of diabetes (years); mean (SD) | 15.4 (10.2) | 16.5 (10.6) | 15.06 (10) | 0.002 | 0.143‡ |
| Family history of diabetes (yes); % (n) | 61.7 (1813) | 64.5 (382) | 61.3 (1448) | 0.145 | 0.027† |
| Type of diabetes treatment; % (n) | <0.001 | 0.121† | |||
| Only diet | 8.4 (248) | 7.4 (44) | 8.6 (204) | ||
| Oral antidiabetic agents | 53.2 (1572) | 47.3 (280) | 54.7 (1292) | ||
| Insulin | 5.4 (159) | 6.9 (41) | 5 (118) | ||
| Oral antidiabetic agents+insulin | 16.9 (498) | 25.2 (149) | 14.8 (349) | ||
| Not specified | 16.2 (478) | 13.2 (78) | 16.9 (400) | ||
| Lifestyle and self-care | |||||
| Smoking habit; % (n) | <0.001 | 0.127† | |||
| Never smoker | 46 (1360) | 58.6 (347) | 42.9 (1013) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 42.6 (1259) | 32.1 (190) | 45.2 (1069) | ||
| Smoker | 11.4 (336) | 9.3 (55) | 11.9 (281) | ||
| Current regular alcohol use; % (n) | 883 (33.6) | 22 (111) | 36.4 (772) | <0.001 | 0.120† |
| Physical activity; % (n) | <0.001 | 0.117† | |||
| Sedentary | 11.3 (333) | 18.4 (109) | 9.5 (224) | ||
| Low | 81.5 (2408) | 76.5 (453) | 82.7 (1955) | ||
| Moderate-vigorous | 7.2 (214) | 5.1 (30) | 7.8 (184) | ||
| Clinical risk factors | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2); mean (SD) | 31.1 (5.6) | 32.4 (6.4) | 31.2 (5.8) | <0.001 | 0.196‡ |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg); mean (SD) | 131.5 (12.6) | 129.3 (12.6) | 131.9 (11.9) | <0.001 | 0.208‡ |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg); mean (SD) | 73.9 (7.5) | 73.3 (7.6) | 74.2 (7.4) | <0.001 | 0.120‡ |
| Biochemical risk factors | |||||
| HbA1c (%); mean (SD) | 7.1 (1.1) | 7.1 (1.2) | 7.3 (1.5) | 0.703 | 0.110‡ |
| Triglycerides; mean (SD) | 142.4 (87.6) | 148.9 (89.7) | 140.7 (86.9) | 0.070 | 0.092‡ |
| Cholesterol; mean (SD) | 175.7 (33.9) | 181.1 (37.1) | 174.3 (32.9) | <0.001 | 0.194‡ |
| LDL-cholesterol; mean (SD) | 99.2 (27.3) | 101.6 (29.9) | 98.3 (27.1) | 0.064 | 0.115‡ |
| HDL-cholesterol; mean (SD) | 49.5 (13.2) | 50.6 (12.9) | 49.1 (13.3) | 0.032 | 0.114‡ |
| Complications and comorbidities | |||||
| Cardiovascular event (includes non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral artery disease); % (n) | 29.7 (1240) | 31.9 (212) | 29.3 (1028) | 0.178 | 0.021† |
| Heart failure; % (n) | 11.5 (480) | 13.7 (91) | 11.1 (389) | 0.053 | 0.030† |
| Lower limb amputation; % (n) | 1.4 (60) | 1.8 (12) | 1.4 (48) | 0.385 | 0.013† |
| Nephropathy; % (n) | 13.5 (400) | 16.2 (96) | 12.9 (304) | 0.033 | 0.039† |
| Neuropathy; % (n) | 10.1 (299) | 16.7 (99) | 8.5 (200) | <0.001 | 0.111† |
| Retinopathy; % (n) | 15 (442) | 15.7 (93) | 14.8 (349) | 0.566 | 0.011† |
| Renal failure; % (n) | 14.3 (424) | 17.6 (104) | 13.5 (320) | 0.012 | 0.046† |
| Psychosocial variables | |||||
| Family history of depression (yes); % (n) | 197 (6.7) | 10.6 (63) | 5.7 (134) | <0.001 | 0.080† |
| Personal history of depression (yes); % (n) | 557 (18.8) | 48.6 (288) | 11.4 (269) | <0.001 | 0.381† |
| Self-reported health status (fair or poor); % (n) | 34.3 (992) | 47 (269) | 31.1 (723) | <0.001 | 0.133† |
| Physical quality of life; mean (SD) | 40.1 (11.4) | 35.3 (12.5) | 41.5 (10.7) | <0.001 | 0.533‡ |
| Mental quality of life; mean (SD) | 47.4 (10.9) | 41.3 (12.5) | 49.1 (9.7) | <0.001 | 0.697‡ |
| Social support (network size); mean (SD) | 10.2 (8.3) | 8.5 (7.3) | 10.6 (8.5) | <0.001 | 0.217‡ |
| Sleep (AIS); mean (SD) | 2.6 (3.7) | 5.3 (5.2) | 2 (2.9) | <0.001 | 0.783‡ |
*0.2 is the recommended minimum effect size
†Cramer’s V
‡Cohen’s d
AIS, Athens Insomnia Scale; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin. Cardiovascular event, includes nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.