Table 2.
Seasonal predicted effects of wolf RSF on moose first‐passage time (mean and 95% pointwise confidence intervals) for GPS‐collared moose in northeastern Minnesota (NEMN) and the Voyageurs National Park (VNP) ecosystem by study area and season based on linear mixed models. We report on the values associated with the 0.5th quantile, where the predicted wolf RSF = 0 (mean value), and the 99.5th quantile of observed wolf resource selection values along with the percentage change between the 99.5th quantile and each value. The effect of wolf RSF was modeled using regression splines with two degrees of freedom
| Study area | Wolf RSF value | Spring | Summer | Winter | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95% confidence interval) | Mean FPT change (%) | Mean (95% confidence interval) | Mean FPT change (%) | Mean (95% confidence interval) | Mean FPT change (%) | ||
| NE | 0.5 percentile | 4.11 (3.14, 5.38) | 57.6 | 4.35 (3.79, 4.99) | 40.5 | 2.96 (2.09, 4.19) | 82.1 |
| Zero | 6.79 (6.02, 7.66) | 74.4 | 5.81 (5.38, 6.28) | 55.5 | 5.52 (4.99, 6.12) | 90.4 | |
| 99.5 percentile | 1.74 (0.82, 3.70) | — | 2.59 (1.65, 4.06) | — | 0.53 (0.17, 1.66) | — | |
| VNP | 0.5 percentile | 4.34 (3.86, 4.89) | 27.2 | 3.75 (3.05, 4.62) | 34.3 | 3.77 (3.16, 4.49) | 29.7 |
| Zero | 4.08 (3.71, 4.50) | 22.6 | 4.47 (3.92, 5.11) | 44.9 | 4.76 (4.21, 5.38) | 44.3 | |
| 99.5 percentile | 3.16 (2.32, 4.32) | — | 2.47 (1.98, 3.08) | — | 2.65 (1.75, 4.02) | — | |