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. 2018 Aug 30;9(9):4552–4568. doi: 10.1364/BOE.9.004552

Table 3. Major Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy operation modes [5].

Mode Pulse Energy
(mJ)		 Pulse Rate
(Hz)		 Comments
Dusting: 200 - 500 50 – 80 Low pulse energy; very high pulse rate; long pulse duration; smaller particle size; no basket used; longer treatment times
Fragmentation: 500 - 1000 5 – 20 High pulse energy, low pulse rate; short pulse duration; faster ablation rates; larger particle sizes; basket used
Popcorn:
duration;		 ~1500 20 – 40 Very high pulse energy; high pulse rate; long pulse small fiber fixed in place; calyces of kidney; no basket used