Table 3.

Estimated, adjusted odds ratios for the association between antihypertensive drug classes and development of a diabetic foot ulcer^a

	Model 1 (antihypertensives)		Model 2 (PVD × antihyypertensives)		Model 3 (neuropathy × antihypertensives)
Variables	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
SBP variability quartiles (ref= quartile 1, lowest variability)
2	1.112 (1.069–1.157)	<0.001	1.112 (1.069–1.157)	<0.001	1.112 (1.069–1.157)	<0.001
3	1.197 (1.151–1.245)	<0.001	1.197 (1.151–1.245)	<0.001	1.197 (1.151–1.245)	<0.001
4 (highest variability)	1.284 (1.234–1.336)	<0.001	1.284 (1.234–1.336)	<0.001	1.285 (1.235–1.337)	<0.001
PVD	9.291 (8.830–9.777)	<0.001	9.260 (8.122–10.558)	<0.001	9.294 (8.832–9.780)	<0.001
Neuropathy	1.545 (1.498–1.594)	<0.001	1.545 (1.498–1.594)	<0.001	1.675 (1.542–1.820)	<0.001
Antihypertensive use
CCB	0.884 (0.857–0.912)	<0.001	0.890 (0.861–0.919)	<0.001	0.875 (0.843–0.907)	<0.001
BB	1.030 (1.001–1.061)	0.045	1.035 (1.004–1.067)	0.025	1.062 (1.025–1.099)	0.001
Other drugs	1.044 (0.997–1.093)	0.067	1.037 (0.989–1.088)	0.133	1.057 (1.003–1.114)	0.037
Interaction terms
PVD × CCB use			0.927 (0.835–1.028)	0.150
PVD × BB use			0.940 (0.849–1.041)	0.237
PVD × other use			1.078 (0.931–1.248)	0.317
Neuropathy × CCB use					1.035 (0.970–1.104)	0.303
Neuropathy × BB use					0.907 (0.853–0.965)	0.002
Neuropathy × other use					0.953 (0.870–1.045)	0.310

BB, beta blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; PVD, peripheral vascular disease.

^aAll models are adjusted for marital status, duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A1C, hypoglycemic medication use, renal failure, retinopathy, PVD, neuropathy, Charcot arthropathy, foot deformity, number of podiatry visits, BMI, serum albumin, chronic venous stasis, LDL cholesterol, and cholesterol-lowering medication use.