Fig. 3. Potential applications of organoids generated.

The figure presents prospective applications of organoid culture tool for advancement of biological research. The arrows in the figure represent the flow of information from tumor modeling, disease modeling and developmental biology studies towards therapeutic interventions. To expand since organoids, represent tissue homeostasis in vitro, they can be used to model pathologies by inducing desired mutations or exposing them to necessary stimulus or pathogens. Following which the pathogenesis and disease development can be studied. Such studies facilitate further research to study drug response or generate organoids directly from patients to device personalized therapeutic strategy as represented by the arrows emerging from disease modeling bubble. Similarly, modeling cancer initiation and progression in organoids can facilitate therapeutic response studies and discovery of new oncogenic proteins or antigens that can be targeted illustrated by arrows emerging from Tumor modeling bubble. Additionally, lineage tracing studies or organ development studies using organoids have immense potential for the field of organ replacement therapy and can help neo-antigen discovery for cancer research (arrows emerging from developmental biology studies bubble). The dashed arrows represent the overlapping domains amongst these applications as explained above.