Table 4.
Selection of studies that have measured PM and/or CO in households burning biomass in sub-Sahara Africa.
| Country | First author (year) | Setting | Sample size | Fuel | Monitoring | Exposure | Exposure concentrations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burkina Faso | Yamamoto et al. (2014) | Urban | Wood and charcoal | Area Personal |
24 h PM10 24 h CO |
Personal CO = 3.3 ppm, 95% CI 2.8–3.8 ppm, n = 145; Area CO = 16.9 ppm, 95% CI 12.3–21.4 ppm, n = 119 | |
| Ghana | Van Vliet et al. (2013) | Rural | 421 households 36 sub sample |
Wood, charcoal | Fixed site, Personal |
24 h PM2.5 24 h Black carbon |
PM2.5 = 446.8 μg/m3, Black carbon = 14.5 μg/m3 Fixed site monitoring; PM2.5 = 128.5 μg/m3, Black carbon = 8.8 μg/m3 for personal monitoring |
| Tanzania | Titcombe and Simcik, 2011 | Urban and rural | 9 households (biomass) | Firewood charcoal | Personal | 7 to 8 h PM2.5 | Mean PM2.5 = 588 μg/m3 for charcoal and PM2.5 = 1547 μg/m3 (SD = 287 μg/m3) for open wood fires |
| Kenya | Ezzati et al. (2000) | Rural | 55 households (345 individuals) | Wood Charcoal |
Fixed site | 14 h PM10 | 0–5 years mean PM10 = 1317, SD = 1188 (female) and mean PM10 = 1449, SD = 1067 (male); for 6–15 years mean PM10 = 2795, SD = 2069 (female) and Mean PM10 = 1128, SD = 638 (male); for 16–50 years Mean PM10 = 4898, SD = 3663 (female) and Mean PM10 = 1018, SD = 984 (male); for >50 years mean PM10 = 2639, SD = 2501 (female) and mean PM10 = 2169, SD = 977 (male). |
| Gambia | Dionisio et al. (2008) | 13 households | Firewood charcoal | Fixed site | 48 h PM2.5 48 h CO | Mean PM2.5 = 361 μg/m3 (SD = 312 μg/m3), Mean CO = 4.69 mg m−3 (SD = 4.81 mg m−3) cooking area; Mean PM2.5 = 219 μg/m3 and CO = 1.5 ppm children, PM2.5 = 275 μg/m3 and CO 2.4 ppm mothers |
Key: CO = carbon monoxide; PM10 = particulate matter; PM10 = particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm; PM2.5 = particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm; SD = standard deviation; CI = confidence interval.