Table 1.
Participant demographics, haemodynamic and kinetic energy (KE) variables for the overall study population, males and females.
| Characteristic | Healthy volunteers (n = 53) | Males (n = 32) | Females (n = 21) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 45 ± 17 | 42 ± 17 | 50 ± 17 | 0.08 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | <0.01 |
| LVEDMi (g/m2) | 52.2 ± 10.1 | 55.0 ± 10.1 | 48.0 ± 8.8 | 0.01 |
| LVEDVi (ml/m2) | 85.9 ± 18.1 | 85.9 ± 19.3 | 85.9 ± 16.7 | 0.99 |
| LVESVi (ml/m2) | 33.2 ± 10.2 | 33.2 ± 11.6 | 33.1 ± 7.9 | 0.96 |
| SVi (ml/m2) | 52.7 ± 9.8 | 52.6 ± 9.9 | 52.8 ± 9.8 | 0.96 |
| EF (%) | 61.8 ± 5.2 | 62.0 ± 6.0 | 61.6 ± 3.6 | 0.79 |
| LV peak E-wave velocity* | 76.7 ± 26.5 | 76.0 ± 23.1 | 77.8 ± 20.6 | 0.78 |
| LV peak A-wave velocity* | 51.0 ± 22.5 | 51.1 ± 19.4 | 51.0 ± 14.9 | 0.99 |
| E/A ratio | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 0.68 |
| LV global KEiEDV† | 8.7 ± 2.9 | 8.6 ± 3.7 | 8.7 ± 2.1 | 0.76 |
| LV systolic KEiEDV† | 9.8 ± 3.1 | 9.9 ± 2.6 | 8.8 ± 3.5 | 0.60 |
| LV diastolic KEiEDV† | 7.9 ± 3.8 | 7.7 ± 4.8 | 8.3 ± 3.0 | 0.48 |
| LV peak E-wave KEiEDV† | 23.2 ± 11.6 | 21.4 ± 12.1 | 25.4 ± 7.5 | 0.57 |
| LV peak A-wave KEiEDV† | 10.3 ± 8.4 | 9.7 ± 9.7 | 11.5 ± 6.5 | 0.60 |
| KEiEDV E/A ratio | 2.6 ± 1.8 | 2.5 ± 2.3 | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 0.77 |
Demographic data is presented as mean ± standard deviation, whereas kinetic energy data is presented as median ± interquartile range.
*cm/s; †μJ/ml, KE = kinetic energy of blood, LV = left ventricle, LVEDMi = left ventricular end-diastolic mass indexed, LVEDVi = left ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed, LVESVi = left ventricular end-systolic volume indexed, SVi = stroke volume indexed, EF = ejection fraction, KEiEDV = kinetic energy indexed to end-diastolic volume.