Fig. 2. Linear regression results for the associations between metabolite measures and cognitive outcomes (short-term and delayed verbal memory and search speed at 60–64 years, and change in short-term verbal memory between 60–64 and 69 years) for Models 1–4.

Only metabolite measures showing an association with the cognitive measure at metabolome significance threshold p < 0.002 in the whole sample or in sex-stratified analyses (when metabolite sex interaction p < 0.1) are presented. Association magnitudes are indicated in units of 1 SD metabolite concentration per 1 SD of each cognitive outcome. Coloured shapes indicate β-regression coefficients and the 95% confidence intervals. Each colour and shape represents the whole sample, or males and females. Filled shapes indicate associations passing metabolome significance threshold. The full names of the metabolite measures can be found in Supplementary Table S1. * indicates an interaction between metabolite and sex at p < 0.1