Figure 4.

Blocking of voltage-gated ion channels using a high dose of nifedipine (Nf) during dynamic culture had noticeable effects on joint shapes compared with dynamic vehicle controls, with the knee joints of the high-dose group being more similar to the static groups. Administration of the drug during static cultures had no obvious effects on shape. Low dose, 0.1 mM; high dose, 1 mM; squares, dominance of the lateral condyle over the medial condyle; hollow arrows, posterior curl of condyles seen in moved explants; *, dorsal groove between the two femoral condyles; single-edged bars, intercondylar fossa width; +, concave curve of the tibial plateau; filled arrows, anterior tibial crest.