Table 1.
Baseline peptide levels and HOMA indices in MetS control and yoga subjects.
| Control group (n = 40) | Yoga group (n = 39) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 8 male, 32 female | 7 male, 32 female | 0.955 |
| Age | 57.7 ± 8.6 | 58.8 ± 8.4 | 0.569 |
| IPAQ activity (MET-min/week) | 2824.9 ± 2315.9 | 4061.6 ± 4492.4 | 0.366 |
| IPAQ sitting (min/week) | 2301.0 ± 1511.5 | 2443.4 ± 1372.2 | 0.614 |
| Metabolic parameters | |||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89.25 ± 6.79 | 85.21 ± 7.72 | 0.687 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 134.03 ± 19.88 | 130.56 ± 19.54 | 0.659 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 80.43 ± 10.41 | 80.72 ± 12.84 | 0.559 |
| Fasting blood glucose | 5.5 ± 0.66 | 5.80 ± 1.67 | 0.277 |
| High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol | 1.23 ± 0.30 | 1.24 ± 0.26 | 0.509 |
| Triglyceride | 2.15 ± 0.98 | 1.83 ± 0.76 | 0.336 |
| Physical performance tests | |||
| Resting heart rate | 68.13 ± 7.53 | 70.95 ± 9.8 | 0.361 |
| Chair stand test | 15.30 ± 4.26 | 14.90 ± 4.67 | 0.577 |
| Chair sit and reach test-left | –0.94 ± 6.69 | +0.28 ± 7.46 | 0.572 |
| Chair sit and reach test-right | –0.75 ± 6.48 | +1.65 ± 7.99 | 0.243 |
| Back stretch test-left | +5.83 ± 8.09 | +4.41 ± 7.44 | 0.613 |
| Back stretch test-right | +3.35 ± 6.33 | +3.38 ± 7.65 | 0.814 |
| Single leg stand test-left | 71.68 ± 43.59 | 49.38 ± 39.95 | 0.063 |
| Single leg stand test-left | 64.48 ± 41.94 | 61.92 ± 35.78 | 0.840 |
| Hormones | |||
| Total ghrelin (pg⋅mL-1) | 319.1 ± 199.9 | 265.3 ± 119.6 | 0.317 |
| Unacylated ghrelin (pg⋅mL-1) | 311.6 ± 201.2 | 258.7 ± 120.2 | 0.349 |
| Acylated ghrelin (pg⋅mL-1) | 7.5 ± 7.1 | 6.6 ± 4.7 | 0.627 |
| Obestatin (pg⋅mL-1) | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 0.988 |
| Growth hormone (ng⋅mL-1) | 15.8 ± 4.7 | 18.5 ± 6.1 | 0.104 |
| Insulin (pmol⋅L-1) | 134.0 ± 32.7 | 132.6 ± 35.9 | 0.688 |
| Beta cell function and insulin resistant | |||
| HOMA2-%B | 153.0 ± 42.1 | 143.7 ± 44.9 | 0.814 |
| HOMA2-%S | 42.1 ± 9.7 | 44.3 ± 18.5 | 0.483 |
| HOMA2-IR | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 0.483 |
| Disposition index | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.259 |
Gender was analyzed by Chi-Square Test whereas other parameters were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U-Test. There was no significant difference in all metabolic parameters, physical performance tests, total ghrelin, unacylated ghrelin, acylated ghrelin, obestatin, growth hormone, insulin, HOMA2-%B, HOMA2-%S HOMA2-IR, and disposition index between control and yoga groups. MetS, metabolic syndrome; HOMA2-%B, homeostatic model assessment-β-cell function; HOMA2-%S, homeostatic model assessment-sensitivity; HOMA2-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Significance level was set at P < 0.05.