Table 3.
Summary of ghrelin gene products, growth hormone, insulin and HOMA indices in central obese subjects with MetS in Control and Yoga groups.
| Control | Yoga | P-value | ICC | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta cell function and insulin resistance | Pre | Post | Change | Pre | Post | Change | Time | Group | Interaction | Δ of parameter | |
| HOMA2-%B | 153.03 ± 42.10 | 164.68 ± 59.48 | +11.64 ± 59.91 | 143.68 ± 44.95 | 144.27 ± 61.66 | +0.59 ± 52.84 | 0.329 | 0.133 | 0.378 | 0.303 | 0.433 |
| HOMA2-%S | 42.13 ± 9.68 | 42.91 ± 12.50 | +0.78 ± 14.15 | 44.30 ± 18.45 | 54.56 ± 40.02 | +10.26 ± 33.87 | 0.057 | 0.061 | 0.101 | 0.537 | 0.384 |
| HOMA2-IR | 2.50 ± 0.59 | 2.54 ± 0.79 | +0.04 ± 0.90 | 2,51 ± 0.67 | 2.53 ± 1.11 | +0.02 ± 1.08 | 0.807 | 0.992 | 0.926 | 0.875 | 0.256 |
| Disposition index | 0.62 ± 0.15 | 0.67 ± 0.17 | +0.04 ± 0.11 | 0.59 ± 0.14 | 0.63 ± 0.22 | +0.04 ± 0.19 | 0.009 | 0.306 | 0.985 | 0.550 | 0.611 |
| Hormones | |||||||||||
| Total ghrelin (pg/ml) | 319.06 ± 199.91 | 235.67 ± 105.48 | –83.39 ± 222.35 | 265.27 ± 119.58 | 299.88 ± 209.48 | +34.61 ± 242.83 | 0.346 | 0.842 | 0.023 | 0.055 | 0.023 |
| Acylated ghrelin (pg/ml) | 7.48 ± 7.05 | 6.93 ± 5.71 | –0.55 ± 9.39 | 6.59 ± 4.74 | 4.43 ± 2.43 | –2.16 ± 5.61 | 0.113 | 0.042 | 0.348 | 0.046 | 0.007 |
| Unacylated Ghrelin (pg/ml) | 311.57 ± 201.21 | 228.74 ± 105.09 | –82.83 ± 223.02 | 258.68 ± 120.16 | 295.46 ± 209.82 | +36.77 ± 243.88 | 0.375 | 0.792 | 0.021 | 0.051 | 0.025 |
| Obestatin (pg/ml) | 1.07 ± 0.72 | 1.33 ± 0.98 | +0.26 ± 1.04 | 1.10 ± 0.94 | 0.78 ± 0.71 | –0.32 ± 1.26 | 0.827 | 0.048 | 0.026 | 0.102 | 0.031 |
| Growth hormone (ng/ml) | 15.78 ± 4.73 | 15.32 ± 45.79 | –0.46 ± 5.22 | 18.53 ± 6.14 | 22.53 ± 9.19 | +4.00 ± 8.92 | 0.030 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.043 | 0.459 |
| Insulin (pg/ml) | 133.98 ± 32.68 | 137.32 ± 45.79 | +3.34 ± 52.00 | 132.62 ± 35.89 | 134.25 ± 59.88 | +1.63 ± 59.24 | 0.688 | 0.777 | 0.891 | 0.930 | 0.227 |
The main effect of group, main effect of time and interaction effect of group and time on hormones, beta cell function and insulin resistant were analyzed by generalized estimating equation (GEE). Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.05. Significance level was set at P < 0.05. ICC, intra-class correlation coefficient; Δ of parameter, change in parameter; HOMA2-%B, homeostatic model assessment-β-cell function; HOMA2-%S, homeostatic model assessment-sensitivity; HOMA2-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance.