Table 2.
Association between CNS structures hyperintensity and GBCAs administration in human.
| Study | Groups | Contrast agent | MFS and sequence | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult study | ||||
| Kanda et al., 2014 | 19 patients underwent more than 6 CE-MRI examinations; 16 patients underwent more than 6 unenhanced examinations | Gadopentetate-dimeglumine Gadodiamide | 1.5T | High SI in the DN and GP was associated with the number of previous CE-MRI examinations |
| Errante et al., 2014 | 38 patients with MS underwent more than 2 times CE-MRI scans; 37 patients with brain metastases underwent more than 2 CE-MRI scans | Gadodiamide | 1.5T and 2-D TSE T1-weighted | Increase signal intensity on unenhanced T1WI has a linear relationship with the CE-MRI in patients with MS and BM |
| Weberling et al., 2015 | 50 patients underwent more than 5 CE-MRI | Gadobenate-dimeglumine | 1.5T T1-weighted spin echo 3.0T fast low-angle shot | The SI ratio in the DN was increased after serial gadobenate dimeglumine administrations |
| Adin et al., 2015 | 184 patients treated with brain irradiation underwent 2677 MRI studies | Almost exclusively Gadopentetate-dimeglumine | 1.5 or 3.0T MPRAGE, Spin-echo sequence and T1WI FLAIR | Repeated CE-MRI examinations likely results in persistent hyperintensity in the DN on unenhanced T1WI |
| Zhang et al., 2017 | 13 patients with more than 39 chelates GBCA administrations | Gadodiamide Gadopentetate-dimeglumine Gadobenate | 1.5T or 3.0T 2D spin echo T1-weighted sequence 3D spoiled gradient-echo volume sequence | Increased SI on unenhanced T1WI was seen in the posterior thalamus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, cerebellar peduncle, colliculi, DN, and GP |
| Ramalho et al., 2016b | 18 patients with previous gadodiamide and current gadobenate dimeglumine exposed; 44 patients with only gadobenate dimeglumine exposed | Gadodiamide Gadobenate-dimeglumine | 1.5T fast spin echo T1-weighted images | Compared to those patients without previously gadodiamide-exposed, the prior gadodiamide-exposed groups show greater T1 SI changed |
| Kuno et al., 2017 | 9 patients received 1-8 times gadopentetate dimeglumine; 26 patients without prior GBCA exposure | Gadopentetate-dimeglumine | 1.5T mixed fast spin echo pulse sequence | GBCA exposure patients show shorter T1 value compared with patients without prior GBCA exposure |
| Pediatrics study | ||||
| Miller et al., 2015 | A pediatric patient who received 35 doses of linear GBCA during 12 years | Gadopentetate-dimeglumine | 1.5T T1-weighted turbo-spin-echo | The DN, GP, and posterior thalamus showed visually evident increase in hyperintensity over the cause of repeated CE-MRI scans |
| Roberts and Holden, 2015 | A 13 years old girl with follow-up CE-MRI scans | Gadopentetate-dimeglumine | 1.5T or 3.0T | With the increasing use of GBCAs, hyperintensity was noted within both the DN and GP bilaterally |
| Roberts et al., 2016a | 16 patients underwent more than 5 consecutive CE-MRI scans | Gadopentetate-dimeglumine | 1.5T or 3.0T T1-weighted spin-echo Sequence |
The number of prior GBCA doses is significantly correlated with progressive T1-weighted DN hyperintensity |
| Hu et al., 2016 | 21 patients received 5–37 times CE-MRI scans during their medical treatment; 21 controls of similar age without GBCA exposed | Gadopentetate-dimeglumine | 1.5T T1 weighted 2-D fast spin echo | In all 21 patients with GBCA exposed, increased SI ratios were 18.6% ± 12.7% for the DN, and 12.4% ± 7.4% for the GP between the first and the most recent MRI scans |
| Flood et al., 2016 | 46 pediatrics patients underwent more than 3 times CE-MRI scans; 57 age-matched GBCA-naive control subjects | Gadopentetate-dimeglumine | 1.5T T1-weighted spin-echo sequence T1-weighted 3-D MPRAGE sequence | SI in the pediatric brain increases on unenhanced T1-weighted MRI with repeated exposure to linear GBCA |
MFS, Magnetic Field Strength; SI, Signal intensities, DN, Dentate nucleus; GP, Globus pallidus; CE-MRI, Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; MS, Multiple sclerosis; BM, Brain metastases; FLAIR, Fluid attenuated inversion recovery; MPRAGE, magnetization prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo sequence.