Table II.
Cross-sectional and longitudinal association between bone shape and BMLs
| Univariable models | Coefficient (95% CI) | P-value | Multivariable models | Coefficient (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross-sectional models | |||||
| Femur BML (present) | 0.75 (0.54,0.96) | <0.001* | Femur BML (present) | 0.49 (0.30,0.68) | 0.03* |
| PASE (square root) | −0.02 (−0.05,0.01) | 0.10 | |||
| KL grade (ref = KL1) | Age | −0.01 (−0.01,0.01) | 0.83 | ||
| Grade 2 | 0.50 (0.21,0.79) | 0.001* | BMI | 0.03 (0.01,0.05) | <0.001* |
| Grade 3 | 1.30 (0.99,1.60) | <0.001* | Gender (ref = female) | −0.97 (−1.15,–0.80) | <0.001* |
| KL grade (ref = KL1) | |||||
| KL grade 2 KL grade 3 |
0.35 (0.08,0.61) 0.94 (0.66,1.22) |
0.01* <0.001* |
|||
| Tibia BML (present) | 0.57 (0.38,0.77) | <0.001* | Tibia BML (present) | 0.07 (−0.13,0.27) | 0.50 |
| PASE (square root) | −0.01 (−0.04,0.02) | 0.38 | |||
| KL grade (ref = KL1) | Age | −0.01 (−0.01,0.01) | 0.86 | ||
| Grade 2 | 0.67 (0.39,0.95) | <0.001* | BMI | 0.02 (−0.01,0.04) | 0.08 |
| Grade 3 | 1.36 (1.07,1.66) | <0.001* | Gender (ref = female) | 0.20 (0.01,0.39) | 0.04* |
| KL grade (ref = KL1) | |||||
| KL grade 2 KL grade 3 |
0.62 (0.33,0.90) 1.33 (1.02,1.65) |
<0.001* <0.001* |
|||
| Multilevel models | |||||
| Unconditional growth | Estimate (standard error) | P-value | Multivariate models | Estimate (standard error) | P-value |
| Femur vector intercept | 0.12 (0.05) | <0.001* | Femur baseline BML | 0.24 (0.03) | <0.001* |
| Femur Slope | 0.11 (0.01) | 0.02* | Femur BML Slope | 0.01 (0.002) | 0.007* |
| Femur BML intercept | 1.37 (0.06) | <0.001* | |||
| Femur BML slope |
−0.11 (0.03) |
<0.001* |
|||
| Tibia vector intercept | 0.18 (0.05) | <0.001* | Tibia baseline BML | 0.15 (0.04) | <0.001* |
| Tibia Slope | 0.12 (0.01) | <0.001* | Tibia BML Slope | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.43 |
| Femur BML intercept | 0.77 (0.05) | <0.001* | |||
| Femur BML slope | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.13 | |||
∗ = statistically significant