TABLE 3.

Top 50 downregulated genes with productive HPV16 infection

Gene	Description or function	Fold change in expression
RPTN	Involved in cornified cell envelope formation; multifunctional epidermal matrix protein; reversibly binds calcium	−57.487
SERPINB4	May act as a protease inhibitor to modulate the host immune response against tumor cells	−48.016
TCN1	Binds vitamin B12 and protects it from the acidic environment of the stomach	−34.735
CST6	Active cysteine protease inhibitors; loss of function is associated with progression of a primary tumor to a metastatic phenotype	−27.758
KLK8	Serine proteases with diverse physiological functions	−25.804
CEACAM6	GPIa-anchored glycoprotein; plays a role in cell adhesion	−24.469
KLK6	Serine proteases regulated by steroids	−22.088
KLK13	Expression regulated by steroid hormones and an important marker for breast cancer	−21.464
RNASE7	Pancreatic ribosomal protein; broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi	−20.029
PRSS3	Digestive protease specialized for the degradation of trypsin inhibitors; in the ileum, may be involved in processing of defensin, including DEFA5	−19.968
LCE1D	Precursors of the cornified layers of the stratum corneum	−17.868
MMP9	Zinc-dependent endopeptidases and major proteases involved in the degradation of the ECM	−17.142
FLJ22662	Weak phospholipase activity; may act as an amidase or peptidase	−14.394
TMEM45B	Transmembrane protein 45B	−13.469
DMKN	Expressed in differentiated layers of the skin; upregulated in inflammatory disease	−13.186
C6orf15	Uncharacterized protein-coding gene	−12.641
TMEM45A	Paralog of TMEM45B	−12.629
PNLIPRP3	Triglyceride lipase activity	−11.232
KRT23	Intermediate filament protein	−11.074
ANXA9	Calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein; binds ECM proteins	−10.728
LCE3C	Precursors of the cornified layers of the stratum corneum	−10.044
S100A7	Calcium binding proteins involved in cell cycle progression and cellular differentiation	−9.88
EPS8L1	Substrate for the epidermal growth factor receptor	−9.659
RORA	Member of NR1 family of nuclear hormone receptors	−9.136
LCN2	Iron-trafficking protein involved in apoptosis, innate immunity, and renal development	−9.134
LCE1E	Precursors of the cornified layers of the stratum corneum	−9.067
SPNS2	Sphingolipid transporter with a critical function in cardiovascular, immunological, and neuronal development	−8.787
FAM3D	Related to cytokine activity	−8.734
KLK7	Member of the kallikrein family of serine proteases	−8.61
HMOX1	Heme oxygenase, an essential enzyme in heme catabolism	−8.548
RNF39	Role in early phase of synaptic plasticity	−8.5
SH3BGRL2	Protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity	−8.478
C1orf68	Uncharacterized protein-coding gene	−8.417
POF1B	Key role in organization of the epithelial monolayers by regulating the actin cytoskeleton	−8.233
ATP6V1C2	Subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of the vacuolar ATPase	−8.232
MMP10	Zinc-dependent endopeptidases and major proteases involved in the degradation of the ECM	−7.953
LOC730833	Undetermined gene ortholog	−7.935
CAPNS2	Calcium-regulated thiol protease; role in tissue remodeling and signal transduction	−7.64
KLK10	Member of the kallikrein family of serine proteases	−7.553
IL1RN	Inhibits the activity of interleukin-1	−7.499
ABCG1	Intracellular lipid transport	−7.408
THEM5	Role in mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism	−7.287
CYP2J2	Role in arachidonic acid metabolism	−7.259
PRSS2	Serine protease involved in defensin processing	−7.239
LOC645869	Undetermined gene ortholog	−6.803
PSG4	May play a role in regulation of innate immune system	−6.559
FAM63A	Role in protein turnover, deubiquitinase activity	−6.52
MAP2	Stabilizing/stiffening of microtubules	−6.474
SLC5A1	Na+/glucose cotransporter	−6.468
IL1F7	Interleukin-1-related gene	−6.392
EPB41L3	Tumor suppressor that inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis	−6.356

^aGPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol.