TABLE 3.
Median normalized abundance for AMRs identified by MEGARes that were significantly different between the high- and low-Bifidobacterium samples in Bangladesha
| Database level and AMR class, mechanism, or group value | Median normalized abundance in samples (range) with: |
Kruskal-Wallis test P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High Bifidobacterium | Low Bifidobacterium | ||
| Class | |||
| Aminocoumarins | 0.000275 (0–0.00603) | 0.0236 (0–0.0708) | 0.000141 |
| Aminoglycosides | 0.00374 (0–0.147) | 0.0768 (0.00526–0.785) | 0.000987 |
| Bacitracin | 0 (0–0.0166) | 0.0116 (0.000491–0.129) | 0.000242 |
| Beta-lactams | 0.00437 (0–0.068) | 0.221 (0.0162–1.33) | 0.0000127 |
| Cationic antimicrobial peptides | 0 (0–0.0594) | 0.0322 (0–0.736) | 0.00186 |
| Elfamycins | 0.00325 (0–0.0181) | 0.0870 (0.00977–0.231) | 0.00000582 |
| Fluoroquinolones | 0.00136 (0–0.0430) | 0.100 (0.00238–0.448) | 0.0000588 |
| Multidrug resistance (MDR) | 0.00672 (0–0.319) | 0.567 (0.0204–4.19) | 0.000122 |
| Rifampin | 0.00241 (0–0.0114) | 0.0920 (0.00233–0.134) | 0.0000150 |
| Sulfonamides | 0.000658 (0–0.00883) | 0.0273 (0.000373–0.290) | 0.000181 |
| Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins (MLS) | 0.367 (0.224–2.74) | 0.0760 (0.000908–0.273) | 0.00000503 |
| Mechanism | |||
| Aminocoumarin-resistant DNA topoisomerases (class aminocoumarins) | 0.000275 (0–0.00603) | 0.0236 (0–0.0708) | 0.000141 |
| Aminoglycoside efflux pumps (class aminoglycosides) | 0.000124 (0–0.0266) | 0.0251 (0.00184–0.371) | 0.000362 |
| Aminoglycoside efflux regulator (class aminoglycosides) | 0 (0–0.0166) | 0.00577 (0–0.147) | 0.000348 |
| Class A beta-lactamases (class beta-lactamases) | 0 (0–0.0455) | 0.0591 (0.00160–0.725) | 0.0000229 |
| EF-Tu inhibition (class elfamycins) | 0.00325 (0–0.018) | 0.0870 (0.00977–0.231) | 0.00000582 |
| Fluoroquinolone-resistant DNA topoisomerases (class fluoroquinolones) | 0.00136 (0–0.0430) | 0.0729 (0.00238–0.447) | 0.0000496 |
| MDR mutant porin proteins (class MDR) | 0.000356 (0–0.00686) | 0.0227 (0.000493–0.105) | 0.0000320 |
| MDR regulator (class MDR) | 0.00400 (0–0.137) | 0.244 (0.0109–1.54) | 0.0000874 |
| Multidrug efflux pumps (class MDR) | 0.00237 (0–0.194) | 0.293 (0.00892–2.56) | 0.000181 |
| Penicillin binding protein (class beta-lactams) | 0.00354 (0–0.0184) | 0.0819 (0.00699–0.345) | 0.0000735 |
| Rifampin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase RpoB (class rifampin) | 0.00241 (0–0.0114) | 0.0920 (0.00233–0.134) | 0.0000150 |
| Sulfonamide-resistant dihydropteroate synthases (class sulfonamides) | 0.000658 (0–0.00883) | 0.0273 (0.000373–0.290) | 0.000181 |
| Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase (class bacitracin) | 0 (0–0.0166) | 0.0116 (0.000491–0.129) | 0.000242 |
| 23S rRNA methyltransferases (class MLS) | 0.366 (0.220–2.72) | 0.0140 (0–0.203) | 0.00000281 |
| Group | |||
| ACRB (class MDR) | 0 (0–0.00455) | 0.0141 (0–0.0836) | 0.0000464 |
| ACRD (class aminoglycoside) | 0 (0–0.0117) | 0.0110 (0.000619–0.114) | 0.000248 |
| AMPH (class beta-lactam) | 0.000454 (0–0.00872) | 0.0176 (0.00131–0.123) | 0.0000796 |
| ASMA (class MDR) | 0.000312 (0–0.00944) | 0.0163 (0.000575–0.108) | 0.000106 |
| BACA (class bacitracin) | 0 (0–0.0166) | 0.0116 (0.000491–0.129) | 0.000242 |
| BAER (class MDR) | 0 (0–0.00932) | 0.0111 (0.000280–0.123) | 0.000211 |
| CPXA (class MDR) | 0 (0–0.00772) | 0.00856 (0–0.0814) | 0.0000465 |
| CPXAR (class MDR) | 0 (0–0.0178) | 0.0265 (0.000554–0.231) | 0.000110 |
| CRP (class MDR) | 0.000726 (0–0.0105) | 0.0236 (0.00144–0.132) | 0.0000417 |
| EMRB (class MDR) | 0 (0–0.0124) | 0.0158 (0.000659–0.131) | 0.000110 |
| EMRD (class MDR) | 0 (0–0.00411) | 0.00416 (0–0.0436) | 0.000276 |
| EMRK (class MDR) | 0 (0–0.00802) | 0.00534 (0–0.107) | 0.000170 |
| EMRR (class MDR) | 0 (0–0.0129) | 0.00909 (0.00114–0.104) | 0.000242 |
| EVGA (class MDR) | 0 (0–0.0101) | 0.00597 (0–0.113) | 0.000182 |
| FOLP (class sulfonamides) | 0.000517 (0–0.00800) | 0.0273 (0–0.149) | 0.000265 |
| GYRA (class fluoroquinolones) | 0.000342 (0–0.00969) | 0.0256 (0.000463–0.110) | 0.000164 |
| GYRB (class fluoroquinolones) | 0.000230 (0–0.0145) | 0.0225 (0.00132–0.144) | 0.0000602 |
| HNS (class MDR) | 0.000179 (0–0.00849) | 0.0152 (0.00147–0.0966) | 0.0000100 |
| MARR (class MDR) | 0 (0–0.00611) | 0.00428 (0–0.0902) | 0.000215 |
| MDTB (class MDR) | 0 (0–0.0120) | 0.0142 (0.000601–0.109) | 0.000248 |
| OMPF (class MDR) | 0.000356 (0–0.00686) | 0.0163 (0.000493–0.0930) | 0.0000320 |
| PARC (class fluoroquinolones) | 0.000544 (0–0.0134) | 0.0197 (0–0.132) | 0.000226 |
| PARE (class aminocoumarins) | 0.000275 (0–0.00603) | 0.0228 (0–0.0708) | 0.000101 |
| RPOB (class rifampin) | 0.00241 (0–0.0114) | 0.0920 (0.00233–0.134) | 0.0000150 |
| TUFAB (class elfamycin) | 0.00325 (0–0.0181) | 0.0870 (0.00977–0.230) | 0.00000582 |
| ERMX (class MLS) | 0.366 (0.220–2.72) | 0.0109 (0–0.0450) | 0.00000279 |
a
P value for significant difference at the class level was 0.00278, at the mechanism level was 0.00104, and at the group level was 0.000281.