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Geometric characterization of the linear diffusion of sliding clamps along DNA. (A) side view of PCNA, indicating the translocation distance along the Z axis and the tilt angle, φ. A perpendicular orientation of the ring relative to the DNA axis corresponds to a tilt angle of φ = 0°. (B) Front view of PCNA, showing the distance between the centers of mass of the PCNA ring and the DNA molecule, R, and the rotation angle θ.
