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. 2018 Sep 26;16:262. doi: 10.1186/s12967-018-1635-z

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

ASM dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD. The pathogenesis of COPD has been divided into external and internal causes. Airway remodeling is a vital feature of COPD. Dysfunctions in ASM function are central to the pathogenesis of airway remodeling. Changes of ASM include alteration of contractility, inflammatory response, immunoreaction, phenotype, quantity and size