Table 4.

Adverse outcomes and healthcare utilization among diabetic participants with different severities of frailty

Variables	Number of events	Person-year	Incidence densitya	Crude HR		Modelb		Modelc		Modeld
				HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Mortality
Number of frailty components
0	26,063	1521,110.06	17.13	1	–	1	–	1	–	1	–
1	13,435	363,900.81	36.92	2.16	2.11–2.2f	1.05	1.02–1.07e	1.05	1.02–1.07e	1.05	1.02–1.07e
2	3844	46,547.67	82.58	4.83	4.67–4.99f	1.13	1.08–1.17f	1.13	1.09–1.18f	1.13	1.09–1.18f
≥ 3	600	3724.94	161.08	9.42	8.69–10.22f	1.25	1.15–1.36e	1.25	1.15–1.36e	1.25	1.15–1.36e
Every 1 component increase				2.15	2.13–2.18f	1.06	1.04–1.08f	1.06	1.04–1.08f	1.06	1.04–1.08f
Cardiovascular events
Number of frailty components
0	28,054	1,465,567.99	19.14	1	–	1	–	1	–	1	–
1	13,358	338,756.78	39.43	2.05	2.01–2.1f	1.05	1.02–1.07e	1.05	1.03–1.08f	1.05	1.03–1.08f
2	3422	40,228.14	85.06	4.38	4.22–4.54f	1.15	1.1–1.2f	1.16	1.1–1.2f	1.16	1.1–1.2f
≥ 3	375	3083.18	121.63	6.18	5.58–6.85f	1.13	1.01–1.25g	1.13	1.02–1.25e	1.13	1.02–1.25g
Every 1 component increase				2.03	2–2.05f	1.06	1.04–1.08f	1.06	1.04–1.08f	1.06	1.04–1.08f
Hospitalization
Number of frailty components
0	144,963	1,180,101.25	122.84	1	–	1	–	1	–	1	–
1	49,391	249,466.94	197.77	1.58	1.57–1.6f	1.06	1.05–1.07f	1.06	1.05–1.07f	1.06	1.05–1.07f
2	9787	24,850.17	393.84	3.01	2.95–3.07f	1.16	1.14–1.19f	1.16	1.13–1.19f	1.16	1.13–1.19f
≥ 3	1040	1659.98	626.51	4.59	4.32–4.88f	1.25	1.18–1.33f	1.25	1.17–1.33f	1.25	1.17–1.33f
Every 1 component increase				1.65	1.64–1.67f	1.07	1.06–1.08f	1.07	1.06–1.08f	1.07	1.06–1.08f
ICU admission
Number of frailty components
0	31,913	1,470,810.05	21.7	1	–	1	–	1	–	1	–
1	14,758	342,678.79	43.07	1.98	1.94–2.02f	1.05	1.03–1.07f	1.05	1.02–1.07f	1.05	1.03–1.07f
2	3839	41,595.75	92.29	4.21	4.07–4.36f	1.13	1.08–1.14f	1.13	1.08–1.17f	1.13	1.09-1.17f
≥ 3	492	3140.36	156.67	7.07	6.47–7.73f	1.17	1.06–1.28e	1.16	1.06–1.27e	1.16	1.06–1.27e
Every 1 component increase				2	1.97–2.02f	1.06	1.04–1.07f	1.06	1.04–1.07f	1.06	1.04–1.07f

CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, ICU intensive care unit

^aPer 1000 person-year

^bAdjusted for demographic profiles, comorbidities, aDSCI, and medications

^cAdjusted for demographic profiles, comorbidities (including obesity, mental illnesses, hypoglycemia history), substance use (smoking and alcohol abuse), aDCSI, and medications

^dAnalysis including both type 1 and type 2 DM patients

^ep < 0.01

^fp < 0.001

^gp < 0.05