Figure 1.

Suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling can be achieved at different steps. Blocking the ligand-binding site of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor with monoclonal antibodies, synthetic peptides, or the tyrosine kinase activation site with small-molecule inhibitors. Cediranib, sunitinib, and sorafenib are vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors. Enzastaurin prevents downstream vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling by inhibiting protein kinase C beta. Aflibercept has a high affinity for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 acting as a decoy protein to prevent ligand binding and activation. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 and 2 on the vascular endothelial cell