Table 1.

Clinical and demographic characteristics

	Men (n = 135)		Women (n = 47)		Comparison
	Mean/ %	SD	Mean/%	SD
Opioid agonist treatment					χ2 (1, n = 182) = 0.05, p = 0.83
Methadone	59.3		57.4
Buprenorphine/naloxone	40.7		42.6
Age (years)	42.0	9.6	41.6	9.3	t(180) = −0.2, p=0.82
Race					χ2 (1, n = 178) = 0.82, p = 0.36
African American	63.9		70.2
European American	35.3		27.6
Years of education	12.0	1.5	12.2	1.6	t(180) = 0.8, p=0.42
Marital status					χ2 (2, n = 182) = 1.45, p = 0.48
Married	14.9		8.5
Never married	24.6		29.8
Separated/divorced/widowed	60.4		61.7
Employment status					χ2 (3, n = 182) = 4.46, p = 0.22
Full time	50.0		36.2
Part time	23.1		21.3
Unemployed	21.6		36.2
Retired/disability/controlled	5.2		6.4
Drug use history
Days used in last 30
Heroin	19.6	11.6	18.2	12.8	t(180) = −0.7, p=0.50
Other opioids	8.0	6.2	8.5	10.4	t(180) = 0.32, p = 0.75
Cocaine	4.4	8.8	4.7	7.6	t(180) = 0.18, p = 0.85
Years using
Heroin	15.6	10.0	11.5	10.4	t(180) = −2.4, p<0.05
Other opioids	1.2	2.4	2.1	3.3	t(180) = 1.6, p = 0.13
Cocaine	6.0	8.2	6.1	7.7	t(180) = 0.11, p = 0.91
Route of administration
Heroin					χ2 (2, n = 170) = 1.88, p = 0.39
Intranasal	57.8		69.0
Intravenous	41.4		31.0
Other opioids
Intranasal	7.9		5.7		χ2 (2, n = 136) = 0.79, p = 0.67
Oral	91.1		91.4
Smoking	1.0		2.9
Cocaine					χ2 (2, n = 133) = 6.69, p<0.05
Intranasal	26		18.2
Smoking	48		72.7
Intravenous	26		2.3
Urine drug screen results
Opioids mean % negative	64.1	35.7	55.3	37.3	t(180) = 1.45, p=0.15
Cocaine mean % negative	67.6	38.6	61.9	42.4	t(180) = 0.86, p=0.39