Table 1: Studies Examined the Association between Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure.

Study/Author	Design	Subjects	Results
Nichols et al. 2004[10]	Retrospective cohort	8,231 patients with DM and 8,845 non-DM patients	The incidence rate of HF in DM subjects was 3 times that of non-DM
Iribarren et al. 2001[11]	Prospective cohort (2.2 years follow-up)	49.000 DM patients	Increased levels were associated with greater risk of HF
Stratton et al. 2000 (UKPDS 35)[12]	Prospective observational study	4,585 DM patients	In type 2 DM patients the risk of diabetic complications and HF was strongly associated with previous hyperglycaemia
Matsushita et al. 2010 (ARIC study)[13]	Prospective cohort (14.1 years follow-up)	11.000 subjects free of DM or HF at baseline	Elevated HbA1c (≥5.5–6.0 %) was associated with incident HF
He et al. 2001 (NHANES I)[14]	Prospective cohort (19 years follow-up)	13.643 subjects without HF	DM is an independent risk factor for HF (relative risk 1.85)
Boonman-de Winter et al. 2012[15]	Cross-sectional study	605 patients with type 2 DM	HF (28 %) and left ventricular dysfunction (23 %) are highly prevalent in DM patients
Vasilliadis et al. 2014[8]	Cross-sectional	200 HF patients	From HF subjects 27 % had type 2 DM and 10 % type 1 DM
Bertoni et al. 2004[16]	Prospective cohort study (5 years follow-up)	151.000 DM subjects over 65 years old	The incidence rate of HF was estimated at 12.6 per 100 person-years

ARIC = Atherosclerosis Risk in Community; DM = diabetes mellitus; HbA1c = glycated haemoglobin; HF = heart failure; NHANES I = First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study; UKPDS = UK Prospective Diabetes Study.