Table 3: Key Points in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Heart Failure.

	Glycaemic control is of major importance in DM patients with HF[57]
	Intensive treatment with HbA1c target ≤6.5 % increased side effects and failed to influence macrovascular complication[58,59]
Thiazolidinediones	Induce sodium retention and HF, and must be avoided in HF patients[60]
	Novel selective PRAPγ modulators free of sodium retention are now tested in preclinical trials[61]
Incretins	In animal with dilated cardiomyopathy infusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 improved left ventricle function and stroke volume[62,63]
	In HF patients glucagon-like peptide-1 improved ejection fraction[64]
Metformin	The risk of lactic acidosis does not seem to be of clinical significance[65,66]
Sulphonylureas	Neutral effect concerning HF[66]
Insulin	Neutral effect concerning HF[67]

DM = diabetes mellitus; HbA1c = glycated haemoglobin; HF = heart failure; PRAPγ = peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.