Table 2.
ZIP Code Tabulation Area–level factors associated with unadjusted and adjusted risk of imported malaria per 1,000 population
| Variable | Unadjusted risk* | 95% CI | Adjusted risk*† | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median count of population reporting single ancestry as sub-Saharan African | 0.9 | (0.7, 1.2) | – | – |
| Median count of sub-Saharan African-born | 1.2 | (0.9, 1.5) | 1.2 | (0.8, 1.6) |
| Median count of Asian-born | 0.8 | (0.5, 1.2) | 0.4 | (0.1, 0.7) |
| Median count of all foreign-born | 0.4 | (0.3, 0.5) | – | – |
| Median household income in 2013 inflation-adjusted USD (per 1,000 USD) | 0.7 | (−9.2, 10.6) | – | – |
| Education of at least a GED or high school diploma for population of 25 years or older | 0.1 | (0.1, 0.1) | > 0.0 | (> 0.0, 0.1) |
| Count of physicians | 19.5 | (7.8, 31.3) | – | – |
| Count of pharmacies | 135.0 | (70.7, 203.2) | – | – |
| Median count of population with any health insurance | 0.6 | (0.4, 0.7) | – | – |
| Median count of population reporting a primary language spoken at home other than English | 0.3 | (0.2, 0.4) | −0.2 | (−0.3, < 0.0) |
CI = confidence interval; GED = general education diploma; USD = United States dollars. Modeled using negative binomial regression and robust variance estimation.
Unadjusted risk and adjusted risk are calculated as number of expected malaria cases per 1,000 population, except for median household income which is calculated as risk per 1,000 households per 1,000 USD.
Adjusted for total population, estimated median population reporting sub-Saharan African birth, estimated median population reporting Asian birth, estimated median population that reports speaking a primary language other than English at home, and estimated median population above age 25 with at least a high school diploma or GED. Akaike’s information criterion: 603.014.