Table 1.
Study characters of SHS and bladder cancer
| Study | Gender (percentage of male), study type | Follow-up time, y | Age, y | Study population | Case group | Control group | Covariates | NOS score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kabat et al (1986)11 | 48.8, case–control study | NA | NA | Patients in US hospitals | 46 (male), 34 (female) | 88 (male), 56 (female) | Age, sex, race, hospital, year of interview, and lifetime nonsmoking status | 7 |
| Burch et al (1989)6 | 48.2, case–control study | NA | 35–79 | Canadians between 1979 and 1982 | 122 (male), 162 (female) | 224 (male), 210 (female) | Age, sex, and area of residence | 8 |
| Zeegers et al (2002)15 | 48.7, cohort study | 6.3 | 55–69 | Netherlander from 1986 to 1992 | 20 (male), 35 (female) | 159 (male), 1,019 (female) | Age and sex | 9 |
| Chen et al (2005)7 | 31.0, case–control study | NA | >50 | Patients exposed to arsenic in NCKU Medical Center from 1996 to 1999 | 6 (male), 6 (female) | 33 (male), 81 (female) | Age, body mass index, cumulative arsenic, hair dye usage, and education | 8 |
| Bjerregaard et al (2006)5 | 40, multicenter prospective cohort study | 4 | 45–73 | Recruited from the general population | 115 | 220,675 | Vegetables, current smoking intensity, time since quitting, and age at start | 9 |
| Samanic et al (2006)12 | 53.4, case–control study | NA | 21–80 | Patients from 18 hospitals in Spain | 161 | 367 | Age, gender, race, and hospital | 7 |
| Wei et al (2006)14 | 79.1, case–control study | NA | 25–70+ | Patients in Shanghai from 1996 to 1998 | 100 | 139 | Age, high-risk occupation, BMI, and bladder infection | 8 |
| Alberg et al (2007)3 | 45, prospective cohort study | 15, 19 | 25+ | Residents of Washington County, Maryland | 265 | 93,921 | Age, education, and marital status | 9 |
| Jiang et al (2007)10 | 61.6, case–control study | NA | 25–64 | Patients in Los Angeles County from 1987 to 1999 | 148 | 292 | Age, gender, race, and level of education | 9 |
| Baris et al (2009)4 | NA, case–control study | NA | 30–79 | Patients in three US cities from 2001/2002 to 2004 | 145 | 402 | Age, sex, race, Hispanic status, and state | 8 |
| Hu et al (2010)9 | NA, case–control study | NA | 59 | Patients in Tongji Hospital in China from 2005 to 2009 | 124 | 227 | Age and education | 8 |
| Tao et al (2010)13 | 49.3, case–control study | NA | 25–74 | Patients in Shanghai Cancer Registry from 1996 to 1999 | 195 | 261 | Age, education, tea, and cruciferous vegetables | 8 |
| Dai et al (2011)8 | 79.7, multicenter case–control study | NA | 40+ | Patients in five cities of China from 2005 to 2008 | 432 | 392 | Age and sex | 6 |
| Zheng et al (2012)16 | 78.7, multicenter case–control study | NA | 19–80 | Patients from three cancer centers in Egypt from 2006 to 2010 | 1,886 | 2,716 | Age, residence, education, cigarette smoking, water pipe use, schistosomiasis, UTI other than schistosomiasis, and menopause | 8 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; NA, data not available; NCKU, National Cheng-Kung University; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa scale; SHS, secondhand smoking; UTI, urinary tract infection.