Table 2.
Patient characteristics associated with race
| Characteristics | White (n = 471,360; 53.2%) | Black (n = 248,839; 28.1%) | Hispanic (n = 121,274; 13.7%) | Asian (n = 35,848; 4.1%) | Native American (n = 8,378; 0.9%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, years | 68 (13) | 60 (14) | 61 (14) | 65 (14) | 58 (13) | <0.001 |
| Octogenarians | 22.0 | 9.2 | 10.1 | 16.7 | 5.2 | <0.001 |
| BMI (n = 877,105), kg/m2 | 29.4 (8.2) | 29.8 (8.7) | 28.8 (7.4) | 26.1 (6.7) | 30.2 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| <18.5 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 2.7 | 6.4 | 2.5 | <0.001 |
| 18.5–24.99 | 29.4 | 28.4 | 30.5 | 45.4 | 24.5 | |
| 25–29.99 | 27.6 | 26.0 | 31.2 | 26.6 | 28.6 | |
| ≥30 | 38.6 | 40.5 | 34.5 | 20.8 | 43.6 | |
| Missing | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Congestive heart failure | 38.2 | 31.8 | 30.4 | 28.7 | 30.0 | <0.001 |
| ASHD | 42.3 | 25.1 | 28.7 | 28.3 | 28.5 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 83.2 | 89.2 | 87.5 | 87.8 | 88.0 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 53.4 | 56.1 | 69.5 | 62.4 | 78.0 | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 10.6 | 5.9 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.9 | <0.001 |
| Amputation | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 1.8 | 8.4 | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 16.8 | 10.3 | 15.1 | 8.3 | 18.3 | <0.001 |
| TIA/CVA | 10.3 | 10.9 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 8.0 | <0.001 |
| COPD | 14.3 | 7.2 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 6.3 | <0.001 |
| Hemodialysis access | ||||||
| AV access | 18.0 | 17.5 | 14.6 | 20.0 | 17.3 | <0.001 |
| AV fistula | 15.2 | 12.8 | 12.2 | 16.5 | 14.9 | |
| AV graft | 2.8 | 4.7 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 2.4 | |
| CVC | 81.2 | 81.8 | 84.8 | 79.3 | 82.5 | |
| Other | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.2 | |
| Maturing AV access (among CVC) | 21.6 | 24.0 | 23.2 | 25.2 | 31.3 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| Albumin (n = 655,620), g/dL | 3.1 (0.7) | 3.1 (0.7) | 3.0 (0.7) | 3.2 (0.7) | 2.8 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| <3.5 | 49.8 | 50.4 | 54.8 | 49.4 | 70.0 | <0.001 |
| ≥ 3.5 | 24.0 | 22.3 | 21.5 | 26.2 | 14.9 | |
| Missing | 26.2 | 27.3 | 23.7 | 24.4 | 15.1 | |
| Hemoglobin (n = 707,818), g/dL | 10.0 (1.7) | 9.5 (1.9) | 9.7 (1.8) | 9.8 (1.9) | 9.7 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| <11 | 68.3 | 73.7 | 73.0 | 71.7 | 73.7 | |
| 11–12 | 13.0 | 9.7 | 11.6 | 12.4 | 11.2 | <0.001 |
| »12 | 8.4 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 6.9 | |
| Missing | 10.3 | 10.2 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 8.1 | |
| Dialysis setting | ||||||
| Dialysis facility | 98.9 | 98.9 | 99.5 | 99.4 | 99.8 | <0.001 |
| Home | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |
| Skilled nursing facility | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Unemployed | 14.5 | 30.2 | 29.7 | 27.0 | 37.6 | <0.001 |
| Employed + others | 12.1 | 13.4 | 15.4 | 18.2 | 17.3 | |
| Retired-age | 53.5 | 30.5 | 29.3 | 40.3 | 23.1 | |
| Retired-disability | 20.0 | 25.9 | 25.5 | 14.5 | 21.9 | |
| Pre-dialysis nephrology care | ||||||
| None | 28.9 | 33.0 | 35.2 | 27.6 | 32.4 | <0.001 |
| <12 months | 32.4 | 31.1 | 30.8 | 34.4 | 35.0 | |
| »12 months | 26.5 | 20.8 | 18.2 | 22.3 | 22.9 | |
| Unknown | 12.2 | 15.1 | 15.8 | 15.6 | 9.7 | |
| Cause of ESRD | ||||||
| DM | 42.8 | 44.6 | 64.6 | 56.3 | 73.8 | <0.001 |
| HTN/LVD | 29.1 | 37.7 | 19.8 | 25.5 | 10.5 | |
| Malignancy | 3.5 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.1 | |
| Cystic/hereditary | 1.9 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.8 | |
| GN/vasculits | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.7 | |
| Secondary GN | 4.9 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 6.4 | 4.7 | |
| Interstitial nephritis/pyelonephritis | 3.9 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 1.5 | |
| Others | 12.1 | 7.9 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 5.9 | |
| History of nursing home | 9.8 | 7.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.7 | <0.001 |
| Any health insurance | 96.1 | 90.1 | 89.4 | 93.2 | 92.9 | |
| Provision of transplant information | 71.2 | 77.3 | 78.5 | 76.9 | 78.5 | <0.001 |
| Cause of death (among patients with 1-year mortality) | ||||||
| Cardiovascular | 27.4 | 23.6 | 23.9 | 25.4 | 22.1 | <0.001 |
| Infection | 6.2 | 5.4 | 6.6 | 5.3 | 6.2 | |
| Malignancy | 2.9 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.5 | |
| Withdrawal of dialysis | 11.0 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 6.3 | |
| Unknown/others | 52.5 | 65.2 | 63.4 | 63.3 | 63.8 | |
| Mortality | ||||||
| 90-Day | 11.6 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.3 | <0.001 |
| 1-Year | 30.6 | 19.0 | 17.8 | 16.8 | 16.5 | <0.001 |
Data are presented in mean (SD), or proportion where appropriate. BMI, body mass index; ASHD, atherosclerotic heart disease; CVA/TIA, cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AV, arteriovenous; CVC, central venous catheter; LVD, large vessel disease; GN, glomerulonephritis.