Table 1. Percentage distribution of women, percentage of women who received four or more ANC visits, and un-adjusted and adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 4 or more ANC visits according to background characteristics, Bangladesh 2014.
| Characteristics | Number of women (%) | % of women who had ≥8 ANC visits | p-valuea | Mean of frequency of ANC visits | p-valueb | Mean of number of ANC items | p-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 4627 (100) | 6.1 | 2.70 | 3.29 | |||
| Women age at birth of child | 0.043 | 0.001 | 0.010 | ||||
| <20 years | 1293 (27.9) | 6.0 | 2.68 | 3.30 | |||
| 20–34 years | 3132 (67.7) | 6.4 | 2.75 | 3.34 | |||
| 35–49 years | 202 (4.4) | 2.5 | 2.07 | 2.83 | |||
| Parity | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 1 | 1847 (39.9) | 7.8 | 3.09 | 3.69 | |||
| 2 | 1392 (30.1) | 7.2 | 2.86 | 3.38 | |||
| 3 | 748 (16.2) | 3.2 | 2.35 | 3.01 | |||
| 4+ | 639 (13.8) | 2.5 | 1.62 | 2.25 | |||
| Administrative division | 0.006 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Barisal | 268 (5.8) | 4.9 | 2.38 | 3.10 | |||
| Chittagong | 1010 (21.8) | 5.6 | 2.41 | 3.26 | |||
| Dhaka | 1635 (35.3) | 7.4 | 2.95 | 3.58 | |||
| Khulna | 371 (8.0) | 8.1 | 3.33 | 3.70 | |||
| Rajshahi | 464 (10.0) | 5.4 | 2.48 | 2.93 | |||
| Rangpur | 450 (9.7) | 6.0 | 3.07 | 3.09 | |||
| Sylhet | 429 (9.4) | 2.6 | 1.89 | 2.60 | |||
| Place of residence | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Urban | 1209 (26.1) | 11.2 | 3.67 | 4.14 | |||
| Rural | 3418 (73.9) | 4.3 | 2.36 | 2.99 | |||
| Mother’s education | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No education | 655 (14.2) | 1.7 | 1.50 | 1.98 | |||
| Primary | 1293 (27.9) | 3.7 | 2.02 | 2.63 | |||
| Secondary | 2208 (47.7) | 7.1 | 3.08 | 3.73 | |||
| Higher | 471 (10.2) | 14.4 | 4.45 | 4.85 | |||
| Mass media exposure (TV) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Not at all | 1928(41.7) | 3.2 | 1.87 | 2.40 | |||
| Less than once a week | 421 (9.1) | 5.0 | 2.44 | 2.97 | |||
| At least once a week | 2278 (49.2) | 8.8 | 3.45 | 4.10 | |||
| Wealth index | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Poorest | 1003 (21.7) | 1.6 | 1.55 | 1.81 | |||
| Poorer | 876 (18.7) | 5.0 | 2.06 | 2.65 | |||
| Middle | 881 (19.0) | 5.6 | 2.60 | 3.28 | |||
| Richer | 955 (20.6) | 6.3 | 3.17 | 3.96 | |||
| Richest | 912 (19.7) | 12.6 | 4.18 | 4.82 | |||
| Contraceptive use | 0.432 | 0.056 | 0.005 | ||||
| Not use | 1549 (33.5) | 6.0 | 2.55 | 3.16 | |||
| Use | 3078 (66.5) | 6.2 | 2.77 | 3.35 | |||
| ANC Provider | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Skilled | 2902 (62.7) | 7.5 | 3.34 | 4.34 | |||
| Unskilled | 1725 (37.3) | 3.9 | 1.62 | 1.52 | |||
| Place of receiving ANC | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Home | 454 (9.8) | 8.4 | 3.80 | 3.14 | |||
| Public | 1291 (27.9) | 6.0 | 3.31 | 4.07 | |||
| Private | 2470 (53.4) | 4.9 | 2.00 | 2.71 | |||
| NGO | 413 (8.9) | 11.7 | 3.76 | 4.46 | |||
| Employment status | 0.645 | 0.054 | <0.001 | ||||
| Not employed/housewife | 3532 (76.3) | 5.8 | 2.76 | 3.04 | |||
| Employed | 1095 (23.7) | 6.2 | 2.50 | 3.36 | |||
| Decision on health care | 0.048 | 0.031 | <0.001 | ||||
| Woman alone | 513 (11.1) | 8.2 | 3.03 | 3.64 | |||
| Woman and husband | 2336 (50.5) | 5.8 | 2.77 | 3.39 | |||
| Husband alone | 1375 (29.7) | 5.3 | 2.42 | 2.93 | |||
| Other | 403 (8.7) | 7.4 | 2.80 | 3.45 | |||
| Husband’s education | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No education | 1105 (23.9) | 2.2 | 1.73 | 2.25 | |||
| Primary | 1387 (30) | 5.6 | 2.38 | 2.88 | |||
| Secondary | 1469 (31.7) | 6.7 | 3.01 | 3.79 | |||
| Higher | 666 (14.4) | 12.7 | 4.27 | 4.76 | |||
| Pregnancy was wanted at time | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 4121 (89.1) | 6.6 | 2.79 | 3.36 | |||
| No | 506 (10.9) | 2.0 | 1.94 | 2.67 | |||
| Frequency of ANC visits | <0.001 | ||||||
| 0 | 991(21.4) | 0.00 | |||||
| 1 | 833 (18.0) | 3.30 | |||||
| 2 | 748 (16.2) | 4.02 | |||||
| 3 | 614 (13.3) | 4.26 | |||||
| 4 | 474 (10.2) | 4.59 | |||||
| 5+ | 967 (20.9) | 4.93 |
a p-values are based on Chi-square test for testing variation among proportions
b P-values are based on Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and F-test for testing the variation among means.