TABLE 1.
Baseline study dietary factors and covariates by race among urban adults participating in the HANDLS study and with complete data on SUA at either of two visits (N=2,138), 2004–2013
| Total (N=2,138) | By Race | Pa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Whites (N=903) | African-Americans (N=1,238) | |||
|
|
||||
| Age, Mean±SEM | 46.9±0.3 | 46.2±0.4 | 47.2±0.4 | 0.11 |
| Sex, % men | 45.4 | 45.8 | 45.1 | 0.84 |
| Marital status, % | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 33.5 | 43.7 | 27.8 | |
| Missing | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.9 | |
| Education, % | <0.001 | |||
| <High School | 4.3 | 5.8 | 3.5 | |
| High School | 53.4 | 40.6 | 60.4 | |
| > High School | 42.2 | 53.6 | 36.0 | |
| Missing | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | |
| Poverty Income Ratio<125%, % | 19.4 | 11.4 | 23.9 | <0.001 |
| Current smoking status | <0.001 | |||
| Yes, % | 43.0 | 34.6 | 47.6 | |
| Missing, % | 5.2 | 3.7 | 6.0 | |
| Current illicit drug use | <0.001 | |||
| Yes, % | 17.1 | 9.1 | 21.5 | |
| Missing, % | 7.6 | 10.4 | 6.0 | |
| Body mass index, Mean±SEM | 29.4±0.3 | 29.1±0.3 | 29.5±0.4 | 0.41 |
| Key dietary intake factors, Mean±SEM | ||||
| Added sugars, tsp/d | 20.7±0.7 | 19.4±0.7 | 21.4±1.0 | 0.10 |
| Alcoholic beverages, drinks/d | 0.67±0.06 | 0.62±0.07 | 0.69±0.10 | 0.52 |
| Red meat, oz equiv/d | 1.70±0.09 | 1.76±0.11 | 1.66±0.12 | 0.56 |
| Fish, oz equiv/d | 0.97±0.08 | 0.67±0.07 | 1.13±0.11 | 0.001 |
| Legumes, cup equiv/d | 0.04±0.00 | 0.06±0.01 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.003 |
| Dairy products, cups equiv/d | 1.12±0.04 | 1.45±0.06 | 0.94±0.05 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 79.2±2.9 | 74.8±4.0 | 81.6±3.9 | 0.22 |
| Caffeine, mg/d | 130±5 | 223±10 | 79±4 | <0.001 |
| Dietary urate index | 2.89±0.14 | 1.84±0.19 | 3.48±0.19 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C-containing supplement | (N=1,521) | (N=605) | (N=916) | 0.051 |
| None | 64.6±2.2 | 62.1±2.7 | 65.8±3.0 | |
| Baseline and follow-up | 9.7±1.3 | 13.9±1.8 | 7.6±1.8 | |
| During follow-up only | 25.7±2.1 | 23.9±2.4 | 26.6±2.9 | |
| Other dietary intake factors, Mean±SEM | ||||
| Total grains, oz equiv/d | 6.14±0.13 | 6.68±0.18 | 5.84±0.18 | 0.001 |
| Total fruits, cup equiv/d | 0.79±0.03 | 0.88±0.05 | 0.74±0.04 | 0.05 |
| Total vegetables, cup equiv/d | 1.43±0.05 | 1.57±0.06 | 1.35±0.07 | 0.013 |
| Other meats, oz equiv/d | 4.31±0.13 | 3.74±0.17 | 4.62±0.17 | <0.001 |
| Discretionary oil, g/d | 17.8±0.8 | 17.7±0.7 | 17.8±1.1 | 0.90 |
| Discretionary solid fat, g/d | 46.6±1.2 | 48.1±1.8 | 45.7±1.5 | 0.31 |
| SUAc, mg/dL | ||||
| SUAbase | 5.453±0.003 | 5.453±0.003 | 5.453±0.003 | 0.96 |
| Men | 5.448±0.004 | 5.448±0.006 | 5.448±0.005 | |
| Women | 5.457±0.004 | 5.456±0.003 | 5.458±0.006 | |
| SUArate | +0.037±0.041 | −0.080±0.054 | +0.102±0.056 | 0.019 |
| Men | +0.485±0.056b | +0.472±0.073 b | +0.492±0.077 b | |
| Women | −0.334±0.053 | −0.548±0.063 | −0.218±0.074 | |
a
P-value for trend was based on design-based F-test for trend in exposures by race.
b
P<0.05 for null hypothesis of no difference by sex, design-based F-test.
c
Empirical bayes predictions from a mixed-effects linear regression model with TIME as the only covariate, and random effects added to the intercept and TIME parameters.
d
Abbreviations: HANDLS=Health Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span; SEM=Standard Error of the Mean; SUA=Serum Uric Acid.