Fig. 1.

Reduced levels of Dkk-3 in prostate cancer and prostate cancer stroma. a Prostate sections from the same patient containing benign (top) or tumor (bottom) tissue were stained for Dkk-3, smooth muscle actin (SMA), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and epithelial cytokeratins (CK). b Higher magnification images for Dkk-3 staining; arrows indicate Dkk-3 in epithelial (red), stromal (green), and endothelial (blue) cells; scale bars 112 µm. c Statistical analysis of Dkk-3 expression; Gl Gleason, PCaE prostate cancer epithelium, BS benign stroma, PCaS prostate cancer stroma, BE benign epithelium; p values from Chi square, Yates correction, and/or Fisher’s Exact test, two-sided